Chapter 2 Communicating Over the Network

CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals Rick Graziani Cabrillo College graziani@cabrillo.edu Last Updated: 2/17/2008

This Presentation
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The Platform for Communications

Elements of Communication

Communicating the Messages

Continuous stream of bits
00101010100101010101010101010101010

I have to wait

Theoretically, single communication, such as a music video or an e-mail message, could be sent across a network from a source to a destination as one massive continuous stream of bits. No other device would be able to send or receive messages on the same network. Results in significant delays. Inefficient use of channel or link. Any loss in data, entire message would have to be resent.

Communicating the Messages

Segmentation

Better approach segmentation. Division of the data stream into smaller pieces is called segmentation. Segmentation has two benefits

Communicating the Messages

Segmentation

Benefits of segmentation: Multiplexing: Different conversations can be interleaved on the network.

Communicating the Messages

X
Reliability Increase the reliability of network communications. Separate pieces of each message can travel across different paths to destination. Path fails or congested, alternate path can be used. Part of the message fails to make it to the destination, only the missing parts need to be retransmitted.

Disadvantage of Segmentation

Disadvantage added level of complexity. Like sending a 100 page letter one page at a time. All of the separate envelopes needed Need to label the pages with a sequence number. This extra overhead is handled by protocols used to format and address these messages (later).
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Components of the Network

Devices (hardware) End devices, switch, router, firewall, hub Media (wired, wireless) Cables, wireless mediums Services (software) Network applications, routing protocols, processes, algorithms

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End devices

End devices: Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers) Network printers VoIP phones Security cameras Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs) End devices are referred to as hosts. A host device is either the source or destination of a message.

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Source Address: 209.67.102.55 Destination Address: 107.16.4.21 209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21

Each host on a network is identified by an address. IP (Internet Protocol) address (later)

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Servers and Clients

Client Server

A host can act as a client, a server, or both. Software installed on the host determines the role. Servers are hosts that have software installed that enables them to provide information and services, like e-mail or web pages, to other hosts on the network. Clients are hosts that have software installed that enables them to request and display the information obtained from the server.
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Intermediary Devices

switch or hub
routers

switch or hub

Intermediary devices: Provide connectivity to the network (switches/hubs) Connect individual networks (routers) Connect segments (links) within the same network (switches/hubs) Examples: Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) Internetworking Devices (routers) Communication Servers and Modems Security Devices (firewalls)
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Network Media

Network media: The medium provides the channel over which the message travels from source to destination. Metallic wires - encoding into patterns of electrical impulses. Fiber optics encoding into pulses of light (infrared or visible light ranges) Wireless encoding patterns of electromagnetic waves. (Later: OSI Physical Layer)

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Network Media

Different media considerations: Distance it can carry the signal Environment it works in Bandwidth Cost of medium and installation Cost of connectors and equipment
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Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network (LAN) An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region. LAN devices Switches (and hubs) Routers Multilayer switches

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

T1, DS3, OC3 PPP, HDLC Frame Relay, ATM ISDN, POTS

Wide Area Networks (WANs) Leased connections through a telecommunications service provider network. Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations

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The Internet A Network of Networks

ISPs (Internet Service Providers) are often also TSPs. Connect their customers to the Internet. The Internet is created by the interconnection of networks belonging to ISPs.

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CENIC ISP for K-12, Community Colleges, CSU and UC

ISPs route traffic within their own group of networks (autonomous system). ISPs connect their networks to other ISPs networks. Within the ISPs networks are both WANs and customer LANs

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Network Representations

Network Interface Card (NIC) - Provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other host device. Physical Port - A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to a host or other networking device. Interface - Specialized ports on an internetworking device that connect to individual networks. Because routers are used to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to network interfaces.

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Protocols

Protocol

Protocol Rules that govern communications. Protocol suite - A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function.

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Multiple protocols (encapsulated)

Protocols
HTTP Header Data

Frame Header

IP Header

App TCP Header Header Data

Frame Trailer

The message received by the host usually contains multiple protocols, plus the actual data. Note: Application Header (HTTP) may or may not exist. Typically Application Header or Data. (later)

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Multiple protocols (encapsulated)

Protocols
HTTP Header Data

Frame Header

IP Header

App TCP Header Header Data

Frame Trailer

Encapsulation Process of adding a header to the data or any previous set of headers. Decapsulation Process of removing a header. More later. 25

Example: Protocol IPv4

Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Data Frame Trailer

Example of IPv4 More later

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Protocols

Networking protocols suites describe processes such as: The format or structure of the message The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks How and when error and system messages are passed between devices The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
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Protocol Suites and Standards

Early days proprietary network equipment and protocols. Now Industry standards Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Develops standards in telecommunications, information technology and power generation. Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet standards RFCs (Request for Comments) Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP

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Technology-Independent Protocols
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Frame Trailer

IP Packet IP Packet
Ethernet T1, DS3, OC3 PPP, HDLC Frame Relay, ATM ISDN, POTS Ethernet

Protocols are not dependent upon any specific technology. For example: Our IP Packet (IP + TCP + HTTP + Data) can be delivered over various types of networks using a variety of data link frames. More later! Herding cats.

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Using Layered Protocols

Layered Model

Layered Models separate the functions of specific protocols.

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Benefits of a Layered Model

Using a layered model: Have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below. Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.

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Protocol and Reference Models

A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services. Not intended to be an implementation specification.
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Protocol and Reference Models

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the most widely known internetwork reference model.

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TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite is an open standard. No one company controls it. Governed by IETF Working Groups with standards proposed using Request for Comments (RFCs).

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Example: RFC 791 IPv4

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The Communication Process - Encapsulation

Encapsulation Process of adding control information as it passes down through the layered model.
Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Data Link Trailer

Data

Server HTTP Data

Note: Application Header (HTTP) may or may not exist. (later)

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The Communication Process - Decapsulation

Decapsulation Process of removing control information as it passes upwards through the layered model.
Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

Client

HTTP Data

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Wireshark will let us examine protocols!

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The Communication Process

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer. At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new appearance. PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite. Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
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OSI Model
It breaks network communication into smaller, more manageable parts. It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support. It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other. It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. It divides network communication into smaller parts to make learning it easier to understand.

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OSI Model

Presentation and Session layers are not commonly referred to in most instances.

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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models

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Network Addressing

 Layer 3 addresses are primarily designed to move data from one local network to another local network within an internetwork. Layer 2 addresses are only used to communicate between devices on a single local network,

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Layer 2 Addresses (Data Link Layer) Includes the host physical address. Layer 2 is concerned with the delivery of messages on a single local network. The Layer 2 address is unique on the local network and represents the address of the end device on the physical media. In a LAN using Ethernet, this address is called the Media Access Control (MAC) address. When two end devices communicate on the local Ethernet network, the frames that are exchanged between them contain the destination and source MAC 46 addresses. (later)

Layer 3 Addresses (Network Layer) Layer 3 addresses are primarily designed to move data from one local network to another local network within an internetwork. At the boundary of each LAN a router, decapsulates the frame to read the destination host address contained in the header of the packet. Routers use the Layer 3 destination address to determine which path to use to reach the destination host. Once the path is determined, the router encapsulates the packet in a new frame and sends it on its way toward the destination end device. When the frame reaches its final destination, the frame and packet headers are 47 removed and the data moved up to Layer 4.

Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. Add Dest. MAC MAC 0B-20 FF-FF 0B-31 00-10 Source Add MAC 0C-22 00-20 0A-10 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

The sending host builds message with multiple encapsulations.

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

The receiving host receives the message with multiple decapsulations.

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

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Getting Data to the Right Application

Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) contains a port number which represents the application or service carried in the IP packet. Destination port destination application Source port source application More later.
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Getting Data to the Right Application

Destination port number tells the OS (TCP/IP) stack which application to hand the data to. Examples: 80 = HTTP (www) 23 = Telnet 20, 21 = FTP 25 = SMTP

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