Yamina Hamadache

Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices in their solid form. A lattice describes a regular arrangement of atoms. The giant part refers to the fact that the same pattern is repeated continually. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as a solid, but when these are melted or dissolved they do this is because the compounds can then move freely and carry charge. Ionic compounds have high melting points because the electrostatic forces are strong and require a high amount of energy to overcome. Ionic compounds often dissolve in water water molecules are polar and can pull ions away from a lattice arrangement.

Ionic bonding is when ions of opposite charges bond by electrostatic attraction.

These ions lose or gain electrons to another atom to achieve full outer shells.
Atoms which lose electrons become +ively charged ions, called cations. Atoms which gain electrons become ively charged ions, called anions. Formed when metals react with non-metals

Group
1 2

Charge
1+; loses an electron, cation 2+; loses 2 electrons, cation

3
4 5 6 7 8

3+; loses 3 electrons, cation

2+; loses 2 electrons, cation 3-; gains 3 electrons, anion 2-; gains 2 electrons, anion 1-; gains 1 electron, anion Does not form ionic bonds.

 Covalent

bonding occurs between nonmetals, when it is not energetically favourable to form an ionic bond. Two atoms share a pair/pairs of electrons (one from each) so that each has a full outer shell. Electrons involved in bonding are called bonding pairs, and electrons which do not form bonds are called lone pairs. One shared pair of electrons is a single covalent bond. Two is a double covalent bond. Three is a triple covalent bond.

 ...is

when two atoms share an electron pair, but one atom provides BOTH the shared electrons, rather than each atom contributing an electron each.

 Melting

point Low. Only the forces between molecules need to be overcome Van der Waal forces or hydrogen bonds (not the covalent bonds), so little energy is needed to overcome these. Conductivity Does not conduct electricity, as there are no mobile charged particles. Solubility Usually insoluble, as the polar water molecules are more attracted to each other than the molecular substance. State at room temp. Sometimes solid, but usually liquid or gas.

1.
2. 3. 4.

5.

Very high melting point strong bonds need a lot of energy to be broken. Very hard due to the strong bonds. Good thermal conductors Vibrations travel easily through the fixed structure. Bad electrical conductor No freely moving charged particles (exception graphite, which has free electrons) Insoluble Atoms more attracted to each other than solvent molecules due to covalent bond. No ions, so insoluble in polar solvents like water

A tightly packed arrangement on metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons. In metallic structures, electrons become delocalised and the remaining positive ions are held in a regular structure by their attraction to the negative electrons. When temperature increases the positive ions start to vibrate, restricting movement of the delocalised electrons and reducing conductivity.

High melting point very strong bonds. The melting point increased with the number of delocalised electrons per atom because the more electrons there are, the stronger the attraction between the electrons and the positive ions. Good conductors of electricity due to the delocalised electrons being able to carry current. Insoluble (except in liquid metals) due to the strength of metallic bonds. As there are no bonds holding specific ions together, the metals can be shaped and are DUCTILE. Good conductors of heat the delocalised electrons can pass kinetic energy to eachother.