BY. ARCHT. MA. THERESA M.

AUSTRIA PRC 10440

HISTORICAL ARCHITECTS
1. VITRUVIUS 2. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI 3. ANDREA PALLADIO 4. SEBASTIANO SERLIO 5. JOHN RUSKIN 6. HORATIO GREENOUGH 7. EUGNE VIOLLET-LE-DUC 8. KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL 9. GOTTFRIED SEMPER 10. HANS AUER 11. PAUL SDILLE 12. CONSTANTIN LIPSIUS 13. RICHARD STREITER 14. HERMANN MUTHESIUS

PROFILE
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 8070 BC, died after c. 15
BC) Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC.

Served the roman army under Julius Caesar

The author of de architectura, known today as the ten books on architecture Asserted in his book de architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities - FIRMITAS, UTILITAS, VENUSTAS that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements.

VITRUVIAN MAN BY LEONARDO DA VINCI, AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE HUMAN BODY INSCRIBED IN THE CIRCLE AND THE SQUARE DERIVED FROM A PASSAGE ABOUT GEOMETRY AND HUMAN PROPORTIONS IN VITRUVIUS'S WRITING

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

TREATISES

De architectura (Ten Books on Architecture) - is a treatise on architecture dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus as a guide for building projects. Written around 15 BC, it is the only contemporary source on classical architecture to have survived in its entirety. Divided into ten sections or "books", it covers almost every aspect of Roman architecture, the books break down as follows: 1. Town planning, architecture or Civil engineering in general, and the qualifications required of an architect or more modernly the civil engineer 2. Building materials 3. Temples and the orders of architecture; 4. continuation of book 3 5. Civil buildings 6. Domestic buildings 7. Pavements and decorative plasterwork 8. Water supplies and aqueducts 9. Sciences influencing architecture geometry, mensuration, astronomy, sundial 10. Use and construction of machines - Roman siege engines, water mills, drainage machines, Roman technology, hoisting, pneumatics

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

ROMAN TECHNOLOGY

Vitruvius Principles 1. Machines 2. Aqueducts 3. Construction Materials 4. Dewatering Machines 5. Surveying instruments 6. Central Heating

DRAINAGE WHEEL FROM RIO TINTO MINES

RUINS OF THE HYPOCAUST UNDER THE FLOOR OF A ROMAN VILLA. THE PART UNDER THE EXEDRA IS COVERED.

DESIGN FOR AN ARCHIMEDEA N WATERSCREW

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

THE INTERIOR OF THE PANTHEON (FROM AN 18TH-CENTURY PAINTING BY PANINI). ALTHOUGH BUILT AFTER VITRUVIUS' DEATH, ITS EXCELLENT STATE OF PRESERVATION MAKES IT OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THOSE INTERESTED IN VITRUVIAN ARCHITECTURE THE BASILICA DI FANO

ARCHITECTURE

INVENTED A NEW TYPE OF HOIST TO LIFT THE LARGE STONES FOR THE DOME OF THE CATHEDRAL IN FLORENCE

GREEK HOUSE PLAN AFTER VITRUVIUS

PROFILE
Leon Battista Alberti (February 18, 1404 April 20, 1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.
Alberti is often seen as a model of the Renaissance "universal man treatise, Della pittura (On Painting) - it relied in its scientific content on classical optics in determining perspective as a geometric instrument of artistic and architectural representation. Created a treatise - De Re Aedificatoria 1452, Ten Books of Architecture detailed observations, patterned after the De architectura by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius 46-30 B.C. Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be sought from nature. The ultimate aim of an artist is to imitate nature

Leon Battista Alberti 1. De pictura aimed to describe systematically the figurative arts through "geometry". Alberti divided painting into three parts:

TREATISES
Contents of Re Adeficatura
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Book One: Lineaments Book Two: Materials Book Three: Construction Circumscriptio (Italian: disegno), Book Four: Public Works consisting in drawing the bodies' Book Five: Works of Individuals contour Book Six: Ornament Compositio (commensuratio in the Book Seven: Ornament to Sacred Italian version of the treatise), Buildings including tracing the lines joining the 8. Book Eight: Ornament to Public bodies Secular Buildings Receptio luminum (color), taking into 9. Book Nine: Ornament to Private consideration colors and light. Buildings 10. Book Ten: Restoration of Buildings 2. De statua, a short treatise on sculpture, Alberti stressed that "all steps of learning should be sought from nature". The ultimate aim of an artist is to imitate nature.

Leon Battista Alberti

ARCHITECTURE
SAN SEBASTIANO IS AN EARLY RENAISSANCE CHURCH IN MANTUA, NORTHERN ITALY.

THE FAADE OF SANTA MARIA NOVELLA, COMPLETED BY LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI IN 1470.

PALAZZO RUCELLAI

PROFILE
Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 19 August 1580) was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture
architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) 1570 Palladio founded an architectural movement which takes its name from him, Palladian architecture - designs celebrating the purity and simplicity of classical architecture. Influences: Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Thomas Jefferson. The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc., a nonprofit membership organization, was founded in 1979 to research and promote understanding of Palladios influence in the United States.

Andrea Palladio

TREATISES

I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura The Four Books of Architecture offers a compendium of Palladio's art and of the ancient Roman structures that inspired him. The First Book is devoted to building materials and techniques and the five orders of architecture. The Second Book deals with private houses and mansions, almost all of Palladio's own design. The Third Book is concerned with streets, bridges, piazzas, and basilicas, most of which are of ancient Roman origin. Fourth Book, Palladio reproduces the designs of a number of ancient Roman temples. Plates 51-60 are plans and architectural sketches of the Pantheon.

Andrea Palladio

TREATISES

I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura The Four Books of Architecture : provided systematic rules and plans for buildings which were creative and unique Two types of general rules in the corpus: design rules (those based on appearance) construction rules (those based on the logic of villa construction). Nine rule-sets contains many sub-identities of components and procedures for physical construction:
1.WALLS PARAMETRIC FORMULA 2.CEILINGS PARAMETRIC FORMULA 3.STAIRS PARAMETRIC FORMULA 4.COLUMNS PARAMETRIC OBJECT 5.DOORS PARAMETRIC FORMULA 6.WINDOWS PARAMETRIC FORMULA 7.FRAMES PARAMETRIC OBJECT 8.ROOF PARAMETRIC FORMULA 9.DETAILS PARAMETRIC OBJECT AND FORMULA

The results will yield clear identities for a shape grammar composition that can be based on physical construction and visual style.

Andrea Palladio

ARCHITECTURE

ORNAMENTAL MOLDINGS A ND FRESCO PAINTING

PALLADIO'S PLAN OF VILLA LA ROTONDA, IN I QUATTRO LIBRI DELL'ARCHITETTURA 1570.

Andrea Palladio

ARCHITECTURE

VILLA PORTO IN VIVARO DI DUEVILLE, VICENZA, ITALY

VILLA VALMARANA AT LISIERA. FAADE OF PALAZZO CHIERICATI IN VICENZA

PROFILE
Sebastiano Serlio (6 September 1475 1554) was an Italian Mannerist architect. Member of the Italian team building the Palace of Fontainebleau.
Serlio helped canonize the classical orders of architecture in his influential treatise, "I sette libri dell'architettura" (aka "Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospettiva"). Out of the seven books 2 were not published the book contains Serlio's great innovation which was his emphasis on practical drawings and advice for builders instead of abstract theoretical discussion for intellectuals. One of the content of the book features drawings of a church with classical face to a Gothic form. And standards for theater plans Serlio's career took off when he was invited to France by Francis I, to advise on the construction and decoration of the Chteau of Fontainebleau.

Sebastiano Serlio

TREATISES

L'Architettura di Sebastiano Serlio (Seven Books) Book I & II- begins with the rules of geometry and perspective (Paris 1545) Book III On antiquity containing woodcut illustrations in book three record the Golden Age of the Roman Empire, her Baths, Temples, Palaces and Arches (Venice: 1540) Book IV On Churches outlines illustrates the use of the Classic Orders in twelve temple designs of his own invention (Paris: 1547) Book V Extra Ordinary Book on Doors - the rules for designing modern elements ranging from fireplaces to facades based on these monuments (Paris: 1547)Book VI On Domestic Architecture which remains unpublished (1550) Book VII on Accidents, published post humously a guidebook for architects on difficult situations on irregular sites and problems on restorations. (Frankfurt: 1575)

Sebastiano Serlio

ARCHITECTURE

Sebastiano Serlio

ARCHITECTURE

PROFILE
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) English art critic, theorist and social thinker, also remembered as a poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.
He wrote over 250 works which started from art history, but expanded to cover topics ranging over science, geology, ornithology, literary criticism, the environmental effects of pollution, and mythology. The Seven Lamps of Architecture, published in May 1849 Advocated Gothic Architecture - Gothic style embodied the same moral truths he sought in art. It expressed the 'meaning' of architectureas a combination of the values of strength, solidity and aspiration Influences: Ruskin's belief in preservation of ancient buildings had a significant influence on later thinking about the distinction between conservation and restoration of old buildings. contemporary, Eugne Viollet-le-Duc, Leo Tolstoy, Mahtma Gandhi, Oscar Wilde, Utopian Socialist.

John Ruskin

PROFILE

The Seven Lamps of Architecture, published in May 1849, is an extended essay of Ruskin's principles of architecture 1. Sacrifice dedication of man's craft to God, as visible proofs of man's love and obedience 2. Truth handcrafted and honest display of materials and structure. Truth to materials and honest display of construction were bywords since the serious Gothic Revival had distanced itself from the whimsical "Gothick" of the 18th century; it had been often elaborated by Pugin and others. 3. Power buildings should be thought of in terms of their massing and reach towards the sublimity of nature by the action of the human mind upon them and the organization of physical effort in constructing buildings. 4. Beauty aspiration towards God expressed in ornamentation drawn from nature, his creation 5. Life buildings should be made by human hands, so that the joy of masons and stone carvers is associated with the expressive freedom given them 6. Memory buildings should respect the culture from which they have developed 7. Obedience no originality for its own sake, but conforming to the finest among existing English values, in particular expressed through the "English Early Decorated" Gothic as the safest choice of style.

John Ruskin

CHOICE OF ARCHITECTURE

POLYCHROMY IN RUSKINIAN GOTHIC: CHESTER TOWN HALL, 186369 WILLIAM HENRY LYNN, ARCHITECT ALL SAINTS, MARGARET STREET BY BERESFORD, HOPE AND BUTTERFIELD WAS IMMEDIATELY INFLUENCED BY RUSKIN'S ESSAY, PARTICULARLY IN ITS STRUCTURAL USE OF BRICK, RATHER THAN FOR SURFACE DECORATION

POLYCHROME BRICKWORK AND SCULPTURAL DECORATION IN THE DOGE'S PALACE, VENICE

PROFILE
Horatio Greenough (September 6, 1805 December 18, 1852) was an American sculptor best known for his United States government commissions The Rescue (183750) and George Washington (1840).
Wrote a book in 1930s but has been forgotten until it was re written in 1947 with a selection of his essays , entitled Form and Function: Remarks on Art wrote enthusiastically about the beauty of animal bodies, of machine constructions, and of ship design, and argued that as to architecture, formal solutions were inherent in the functions of the building he anticipated the later functionalist thinking (Functionalism) The origin of the phrase form follows function is often, but wrongly, ascribed to Greenough, although the theory of inherent forms, of which the phrase is a fitting summary, informs all of Greenough's writing on art, design, and architecture. The phrase itself was coined by the architect Louis Sullivan, Greenough's much younger compatriot.

PROFILE
Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814 1879) French architect and theorist, famous for his "restorations" of medieval buildings.
Born in Paris, he was as central a figure in the Gothic Revival in France as he was in the public discourse on "honesty" in architecture, which eventually transcended all revival styles, to inform the emerging spirit of Modernism. Advocates in Architectural Restoration considered by many to be the first theorist of modern architecture. His second career in military and has contributed much on the effect of artillery to fortifications. For him, "Greek architecture served as a model for the correspondence of structure and appearance. Influences: English architect Benjamin Bucknall (1833 95) and the Catalan architect Antoni Gaud was strongly influenced by his Gothic architecture revival

Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES

Applied the lessons he had derived from Gothic architecture, applying its rational structural systems to modern building materials such as cast iron.

He also looked at organic structures, such as leaves and animal skeletons, for inspiration. He was especially interested in the wings of bats, an influence reflected in his Assembly Hall project.
Wrote that restoration is a "means to reestablish [a building] to a finished state, which may in fact never have actually existed at any given time. Made notes and drawings not only for the buildings he was working on, but also on Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings that were to be soon demolished. His study of medieval and Renaissance periods was not limited to architecture, but extended to furniture, clothing, musical instruments, armament, geology and so forth.

THE FORTIFIED CITY OF CARCASSONNE RESTORED BY VIOLLET-LE-DUC

Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

ARCHITECTURAL TREATISES

Published Books, first in serial, and then as full-scale books, as: 1. Dictionary of French Architecture from 11th to 16th Century (18541868) 2. Dictionary of French Furnishings (18581870) 3. Entretiens sur l'architecture (in 2 volumes, 185872), -systematized approach to architecture and architectural education, in a system radically opposed to that of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, which he had avoided in his youth and despised. In Henry Van Brunt's translation, the "Discourses on Architecture" was published in 1875 4. Habitations of Man in All Ages. Viollet-Le-Duc traces the history of domestic architecture among the different "races" of mankind. 5. L'art russe: ses origines, ses lments constructifs, son apoge, son avenir (1877), -applied his ideas of rational construction to Russian architecture. 6. His architectural theory was largely based on finding the ideal forms for specific materials, and using these forms to create buildings. His writings centered on the idea that materials should be used 'honestly'. He believed that the outward appearance of a building should reflect the rational construction of the building

Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATIONS

DESIGN FOR A CONCERT HALL, DATED 1864, EXPRESSING GOTHIC PRINCIPLES IN MODERN MATERIALS; BRICK, STONE AND CAST IRON.ENTRETIENS SUR L'ARCHITECTURE

Eugne Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATIONS

ONE OF COUCY'S FOUR CORNER TOWERS, DRAWN BY VIOLLET-LE-DUC

FORTIFIED CIT DE CARCASSONNE

PROFILE
Karl Friedrich Schinkel 13 March 1781, Neuruppin, Margraviate of Brandenburg 9 October 1841, Berlin, Province of Brandenburg
Prussian architect, city planner, and painter who also designed furniture and stage sets. A student of architect Friedrich Gilly (17721800) one of the most prominent architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neo-gothic buildings.

Painter and backdrop designer for theater

one of the most prominent architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neo-gothic buildings. Personal style - Noted proponent of the Greek Revival, Later, Schinkel would move away from classicism altogether, embracing the Neo-Gothic to a clean-lined "modernist" architecture.
Further readings: http://www3.cca.qc.ca/pages/Niveau3.asp?page=mellon_forst er&lang=fra

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

WORKS

RENOVATED AND RECONSTRUCTED SCHLOSS ROSENAU, COBURG, IN THE GOTHIC REVIVAL STYLE

THE NEUE WACHE, BERLIN, SHOWING THE NEOCLASSICAL FACADE

KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL'S DESIGN, COPPER ENGRAVING, ABOUT 1830

PROFILE
Gottfried Semper (November 29, 1803 - May 15, 1879) German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture.
Designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and was put on the government's wanted list. was considered a leading agitator for democratic change and a ringleader against government authority and he was forced to flee the city. one of the major figures in the controversy surrounding the polychrome architectural style of ancient Greece Works: designed works at all scales, from a baton for Richard Wagner to major urban interventions like the re-design of the Ringstrae in Vienna.

Gottfried Semper

PUBLICATIONS

Publications: He published Die vier Elemente der Baukunst (The Four Elements of Architecture) in 1851 and Wissenschaft, Industrie und Kunst (Science, Industry and Art) in 1852. These works would ultimately provide the groundwork for his most widely regarded publication, Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Knsten oder Praktische sthetik, which was published in two volumes in 1861 and 1863 The Four Elements of Architecture - it is an attempt to explain the origins of architecture through the lens of anthropology. The book divides architecture into four distinct elements: the hearth, the roof, the enclosure and the mound. The origins of each element can be found in the traditional crafts of ancient 'barbarians':
1. 2. 3. 4. HEARTH FIRE, CERAMICS ROOF CARPENTRY ENCLOSURE WEAVING MOUND STONE MASONRY

Gottfried Semper

ARCHITECTURE

STADTHAUS (CITY HALL) WINTERTHUR THE SEMPER SYNAGOGUE C. 1860

ETH ZURICH HAUPTGEBU DE(MAIN BUILDING) POLYTECHNIKUM IN 1865

Gottfried Semper

ARCHITECTURE

SEMPEROPER IN DRESDEN

PROFILE
Hans Wilhelm Auer (16 April 1847 30 August 1906

Swiss-Austrian architect best known for his design of the Swiss Bundeshaus (1894-1902) in Bern.Born in Wdenswil.
A pupil first of Gottfried Semper at the ETH Zurich and then staff assistant for Theophil Hansen in Vienna, established his own office in 1887 and enjoyed a rich and varied career as a practicing architect, educator, and theorist. He died at Konstanz. An eloquent advocate for architectural realism Theory: Auer's brilliant historical discussion of the triglyph (1880) comprised the basis for his own reflections on improving the existing state of contemporary architecture. Architectural realism enabled Auer's generation to disengage from slavish imitation of historical forms and hastened the emergence of more subtle perspectives on stylistic innovation. Auer's unique contribution as an architectural theorist was to expand the notion of architectural space as a significant aspect of style and evolution.

Hans Wilhelm Auer

ARCHITECTURE

THE FEDERAL PARLIAMENT BUILDING WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 1894 AND 1902 ACCORDING TO PLANS DRAWN UP BY THE ARCHITECT HANS WILHELM AUER,

PROFILE
Paul Sdille (18361900)
French architect and theorist; and designed the 1880 reconstruction of the iconic Magasins du Printemps department store in Paris. Theories: Architectural criticism, review of contemporary Viennese and British architecture, Teutonic theoretical concerns that have come to be understood as architectural realism, based on the works of Gottfried Semper. An advocate of highly-coloured polychrome architecture. His participation in the Universal Expositions demonstrated pieces of his approach of integrating colorful terra cotta tilework and structural into the vocabulary of classical, beaux-arts architectural forms. Made his mark as a private architect executing residential commissions during an age that celebrated heroic, civic works such as the Paris Opra (18601875)

Paul Sdille

ARCHITECTURE

BASILIQUE DU BOIS-CHENU

GRAND MAGASIN PRINTEMPS ON BOULEVARD HAUSSMANN

THE THTRE DU PALAIS-ROYAL, RUE MONTPENSIER.

PROFILE
Johannes Wilhelm Constantin Lipsius (born Leipzig, 20 October 1832 died Dresden 11 April 1894
German architect and architectural theorist, best known for his controversial design of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Exhibition Building (1883-1894) on the Brhl Terrace in Dresden, today known as the Lipsius-Bau. Theories: Writings on the use of iron in architecture have found their way into several histories of architectural theory. As an architectural realist he was an eloquent proponent of architectural realism, an approach to revitalizing contemporary architecture by changing the emphasis away from slavish imitation of historical forms by reconsidering the original and symbolic power of architectural motifs.

Johannes Wilhelm Constantin Lipsius

ARCHITECTURE

MUNICH TOWN HALL

CAF FELSCHE (AKA CAF FRANAIS), AUGUSTUSPLATZ, LEIPZIG

ROYAL ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS AND EXHIBITION BUILDING REGARDED BY THE PUBLIC AS A GROTESQUE, OVER-ORNAMENTED MONSTROSITY

PROFILE
Adam Gottlieb Hermann Muthesius (20 April 1861 - 29 October 1927), known as Hermann Muthesius
German architect, author and diplomat, perhaps best known for promoting many of the ideas of the English Arts and Crafts movement within Germany and for his subsequent influence on early pioneers of German architectural modernism such as the Bauhaus. An admirer of English culture: interested in the philosophy and practices of the English Arts and Crafts movement, whose emphasis on function, modesty, understatement, individuality and honesty to materials he saw as alternatives to the ostentatious historicism and obsession with ornament in German nineteenth century architecture. whose efforts to bring a sense of craftsmanship to industrial design he saw as a significant national economic benefit. Muthesius continued designing houses and writing about domestic architecture until 1927, when he died in a road accident after a site visit in Berlin.

Adam Gottlieb Hermann Muthesius

ARCHITECTURE

CRAMER HOUSE, BERLIN-ZEHLENDORF http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/denkmal/den kmale_in_berlin/en/wohnhaeuser/cramer.shtml

SOUTHERN ASPECT OF THE ELENA-KLINIK IN HARLESHAUSEN, A DISTRICT OF KASSEL, WHOSE MAIN BUILDING WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT BY HERMANN MUTHESIUS AS A VILLA. 2004-12-24

GERMANY'S FIRST GARDEN CITY, HELLERAU

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