Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MIME-320 Click to edit Master subtitle style Extraction of energy resources Winter 2013
Mining
Extraction
METAL
Manufacturin g
Mining
ORE BODY
Mining
ORE
WASTE ROCK
Extraction Metallurgy
Mineral Processing
ORE
Mineral Processing
VALUABLE MINERAL
GANGUE
processing takes place at the mine site on surface The mineral processing plant is called a concentrator, or a mill The valuable mineral product is the concentrate The gangue product is the tailings
6
Mineral Processing
Ore or Run of Mine (ROM)
Mineral Processing
CONCENTRATE
TAILINGS
Stages
To prepare ore for mineral separation By reducing particle size to free valuable minerals from
Gangu e
Valuabl e Mineral
10
11
Crushing
Divided
into stages:
q q q
12
Primary Crushers
To
crush ore from very big size to less than around 10 cm Large, robust machines Principal types: q Jaw crushers q Gyratory crushers
13
Jaw Crusher
14
Jaw Crusher
Feed opening width gape determines top feed size Discharge opening width set determines product size
15
16
Gyratory Crusher
17
Secondary Crushers:
Crush
product of primary crushers They have lower capacity compared to primary crusher Principal types: q cone crusher q hammer mills
18
Cone Crusher
19
Cone crusher
20
The Set
21
control the product size from crushing, size classification is required Crushers and classifiers are combined to form a circuit
Ore or ROM Crusher
Over-size
Circulating Load
22
Size Classification
Process
Main
screening
23
Screening
Screens classify particles based on probability to pass through holes of given size in a deck
2424
Screening
25
Screening
26
27
Grinding
Product
of crushing is too coarse for mineral separation, and grinding is used for further size reduction
28
Grinding
This
additional size reduction will produce particles fine enough to liberate the valuable mineral from the gangue
29
30
breakage planes
31
32
33
Particles Types
1) liberated mineral particles
2) locked particles
34
35
36
Observation
Liberation increases as the particle size is reduced relative to the grain size
Grain size is the size of grain of the valuable mineral Example:
The grain size of white mineral is 60 micron
37
Grinding
Grinding
system: wet, dry Wet grinding requires addition of water Pulp or slurry = water + ore The main grinding machine is called a Tumbling Mill
38
Tumbling Mill
39
Mill Ball Mill Autogenous Mill (AG) no steel ball Semi Autogenous Mill (SAG) - some steel balls
41
0.5 cm
0.5 cm
2-5.5m
0.1
cm
42
Grinding Action
43
44
Brekage Mechanism
45
Tumbling Motion
46
control the product size from crushing, size classification is required Crushers and classifiers are combined to form a circuit
Crusher product Mill
Over-size
Circulating Load
47
Size Classification
Classification in grinding is a wet process The common classifier is a cyclone (or hydro-cyclone) Because of the tangential feed, a cyclone generates a centrifugal force that separates the feed into two streams
48
Cyclone
49
50
51
52
53
Ideal separation
54
Actual separation
55
Principle of separation
Separation exploits differences in mineral properties, e.g.
Magnetic Separation
Fee d
Gravity SeparationMechanism
58
Gravity SeparationJig
Lights Heavies
Water
59
Jigmechanism
Gravity SeparationJig
Mechanism: Pulsation /stratification
60
the light particle floats the heavy particle sinks The density of liquid could be increased by adding Ferrosilicon The density of media (liquid) should be between light and heavy mineral
61
Mechanism: flowing film Due to lighter density, the lighter particles would enter to splitter
62
63
Gravity SeparationComparison
64
Froth flotation
Definition:
Separation of one type of
65
Froth flotation
Mixed Minerals
Air Bubble
Separated Minerals
66
Froth flotation
Air Bubble
67
Froth flotation
Question: Why do some particles remain wetted (by water), while others attach to a bubble?
The science of wetting will help answer this question: How surface atoms interact with water molecules
68
Wetting
Hydrophilic (water loving) Air bubbl e Hydrophobic (water hating) Water
Contact
Mineral remains
miner al
69
Example
Hydrophilic surface
70
Simulation
71
Froth
72
Wetting: Interactions
Surface O H No bond O H
M +
Graphite hydrophobi c
73
Wetting: Interactions
Sulphide minerals Step 1- Reaction with oxygen S Cu
74
Wetting: Interactions
Sulphide minerals Step 2- Reaction with water
75
76
Wetting: Collectors
General structure:
77
Wetting: Collectors
An example:
78
mineral particle
79
80
81
Froth flotation
Flotation is not a chemical process Flotation separation is based on surface properties of minerals
82
83
84
85
Column Cell
Conc. (Coal)
Feed
Tail. (Ash)
Concentrate
Cell bank
Tailing
Tail. (Ash)
86
87
DewateringFilteration mechanism
88
Dewateringbelt filtration
89
Dewateringbelt filtration
90
DewateringThickening mechanism
91
Dewatering- Thickening
92
Recommended Textbook
WillsMineralprocessingtechnology :a n introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment andmineralrecovery
93
Refferences
Finch,J., Introduction to mineral processing, MIME200 R.O.Burt, Gravity concentration technology, Elsevier, 1984 N.L.Weiss, SME Mineral processing handbook, SME,1985
94