THE SENSORY SYSTEM

Special senses
Sight the eye Hearing the ear Equilibrium the ear Smell the nose Taste the tongue

THE EYE

The Eye
Vision is our dominant sense 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye It has a diameter of ~ 2.5 cm It is enclosed in the http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRtvkjpTrTlGpal7n83yKgsYGivttUmeNtQLe55t7Y0AJKtoA&t=1&us bony orbit and g=__3unSAsGJdDSm0QZM68wPwwGKvbo= cushioned by fat

Accessory Structures
Eyebrow shade eyes from sunlight and sweat Eyelid protect and lubricate the eye by blinking

http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u15/Blue_eye.jpg

Accessory Structures
Conjuctiva lines the eyelids and anterior surface of the eyeball

http://seeclearly.com/Images/conjunctivitis.jpg

Accessory Structures
Lacrimal apparatus
Gland Sac Canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct

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Accessory Structures
Extrinsic eye muscles move the eye

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The Eye
Contains three layers: 1. Fibrous 2. Vascular 3. Sensory (deep)

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Outer Layer
Fibrous
Sclera gives the eye its shape Cornea allows light to enter

http://www.scitec3.esmartstudent.com/labelledexterior2.jpg

Middle Layer
Vascular layer
Choroid provides nutrients; prevents scattering of light Ciliary body muscles control thickness of lens Iris muscles control size of pupil
http://www.scitec3.esmartstudent.com/labelledfront.jpg

Inner Layer
Sensory/ retina
Cones colour; bright light Rods shades of grey; dim light Nerves
http://www.lightenergysource.com/images/LES%20%20Rods%20&%20Cones.jpg

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Colour Blindness

http://academic.greensboroday.org/~regesterj/potl/Wav es/Light/EyeTests/FullSize/plate11.jpg

Posterior and anterior segment

Aqueous humor maintains intraocular pressure Vitreous humor supports the eyeball; keep the retina in place
http://www.scitec3.esmartstudent.com/labelledvitreous.jpg

Lens
Biconvex Suspended Attached to ciliary body Refractory structure

http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bsci111b/eye/coweye/lens.jpg

Review: Structures of the Eye

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Special_S enses/Eye/eye_dissection_jpgs/10_view_into_eye_best_P2112022lbd.JPG

Pathway of light
Cornea - bends Aqueous humor Lens - focuses Vitreous humor

http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/b/images/blinds pot.jpg

Activity
Activity 7.1.1 Eye tutorial Activity 7.1.2 Sheep eye dissection Activity 7.1.3 The eye and vision Activity 7.1.4 After image exercise Activity 7.1.5 Eye quiz 1 Activity 7.1.6 Eye quiz 2 Activity 7.1.7 Eye quiz 3 Activity 7.1.8 Patient education

THE EAR

The Ear
Hearing AND Balance Three major areas:
External Middle Internal

http://knightsbridgelaserclinic.ellipseipl.co.uk/images/pic-female-ear.jpg

External ear
Auricle/ pinna elastic cartilage External auditory meatus 2.5 cm
Ceruminous glands

Tympanic membrane
Thin connective membrane Vibrates Boundary

http://www.neuroreille.com/promenade/english/ear/ exear/e_oreille_ext.gif

Middle ear
Aka. Tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes

Bony wall
Round window Oval window
http://www.moleshare.org.uk/molehole/19D140C2F0/noise_06.jpg

Internal ear
Aka. Labyrinth
Bony labyrinth Membranous labyrinth

Vestibule Semicircular canals equilibrium Cochlea - hearing

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Hearing

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The Cochlea

http://www.einstein.yu.edu/aif/galler y/haircells/haircell.gif

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The Semicircular Canals

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Review: The Ear

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Activity
Activity 7.2.1 Anatomy of the ear tutorial Activity 7.2.2 How the ear works Activity 7.2.3 Science of sound Activity 7.2.4 Journey into the ear Activity 7.2.5 How the body works: The organs of balance Activity 7.2.6 Ear quiz

The Chemical Senses

TASTE AND SMELL

The Nose
Olfactory sense far less than animals We distinguish hundreds of odours odours

http://courses.washington.edu/biol485c/nose%20image.jpg

The Nose
Olfactory receptors: roof nasal cavity Lifespan: 30-60 days Receptor cells are bipolar neurons Excited by volatile chemicals

http://www.veteranstoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/olfactory_nerve-to-brain.jpg

The nasal cavity

http://anatomy.cc/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/f0098-01.jpg

Activity
Activity 7.3.1 Nose and nasal cavity tutorial Activity 7.3.2 The sense of smell tutorial Activity 7.3.3 How do we smell? Activity 7.3.4 How the body works the olfactory pathway Activity 7.3.5 Nose and nasal cavity quiz

The Tongue
Taste buds oral cavity: cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis and tongue Each contains 50100 cells Taste is 80% smell

http://www.eu-sol.net/images/copy3_of_images/Tongue.jpg

The Tongue
Circumvallate large, round Foliate lateral walls Fungiform mushroom shaped

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The Tongue
Five taste sensations:
1. Sweet sugars, alcohols, amino acids 2. Sour - acids 3. Salty metal ions (inorganic salts) 4. Bitter alkaloids 5. Umami - (delicious) glutamate

http://atasteofheaventreats.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/cheesecake.jpg

The oral cavity

http://www.pitt.edu/~anat/Head/Mouth/Mouth1.jpg

Activity
Activity 7.4.1 Tastes buds on tongue Activity 7.4.2 Supertasters taste buds Activity 7.4.3 The sense of taste Activity 7.4.4 The sense of taste tutorial Activity 7.4.5 Smelling and tasting

The Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

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Activity
Activity 7.5.1 Special senses quiz

THE GENERAL SENSES

General Senses
Receptors scattered throughout the body Include:
Touch Pressure Temperature Pain Propioception

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Proprioception
The sense of position Receptors located in tendons, muscles and joints Cerebellum

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Activity
Activity 7.6.1 The sensory cortex and touch Activity 7.6.2 Muscle sense tutorial

References
Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Martini, F. H. (2006). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.

The END