Lab 4: Heart sounds and vessels

Overview
Review Heart sounds Blood supply to the heart Blood vessels
Veins

Portal systems New lab website: http://isu.indstate.edu/~jowhitak/cmritzi.htm Practical lab review: Sunday 2-5 pm

Review
How do volume and pressure in the ventricles change during atrial contraction? What region of the heart controls the electrical signal through the heart? Which standard limb lead has a negative lead on the right arm and a positive lead on the left arm?

Overview
Review Heart sounds Blood supply to the heart Blood vessels
Veins

Portal systems

Heart sounds lubb-dubb

S1: longer and louder S2: softer and shorter S3: found in children and juveniles
S1 & S2 occur in conjunction with the opening and closing of valves Actually caused by turbulence of blood

Valvular troubles
Valvular Insufficiency: valve failure causing backwards flow Any defect in the valves can lead to heart failure

Defective valves can be replaced with artificial valves or with pig valves

Valvular Troubles (cont)

Mitral valve prolapse: tri- or bicuspid cusps bulge back into the atrium.
Symptoms: chest pain, fatique, shortness of breath Cause: hereditary

Valvular Stenosis: cusps of the valve are stiff and opening is constricted by scar tissue
Results from autoimmune disease Causes enlarged heart Blood moving backwards through the valves causes a heart murmur

Break for Dynamic Human

Blood supply to the heart muscles

The endocardium prevents blood from seeping through the heart
How is blood supplied to the myocardium and the pericardium?
Coronary arteries originating from the aortic arch

Arteries in the heart

Aorta
Right Coronary Left Coronary

Marginal artery

Circumflex Artery

Posterior IV Artery Anastomoses

Anterior IV Artery

Anastomoses
Point where two arteries join to reach a common destination
If one artery becomes blocked, the other can take blood to the appropriate destination

Arteries of the heart

Veins in the heart

Greater Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein

Middle Cardiac Vein Coronary Sinus Right Atrium

Coronary Veins

Artherosclerosis
Contributes to over 710,000 heart attack and stroke, and peripheral vascular disease deaths each year. Fatty blockage in coronary artery

Artherosclerosis
Cause: Abundance of low-density lipids and defective receptors for LDL in the coronary arteries.
LDL: cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids Arterial cells with defective receptors will take in too much cholesterol Results in obstruction of the arterial lumen

Cardiac Ischemia and Infarction

Ischemia: Loss of blood flow Infarction: Death of myocardial cells; heart attack Cause: Artheriosclerosis blocks a cardiac artery. The downstream region does not receive enough oxygen causing cell death. The death of these cells weakens the heart wall disrupting electrical pathways leading to fibrillation.

Break for Dynamic Human

Overview
Review Heart sounds Blood supply to the heart Blood vessels
Veins

Portal systems

Blood Vessels
Arteries Capillaries
Veins

Structure of Blood Vessels

Tunica externa: loose connective tissue Tunica media: smooth muscle, elastin, collagen Tunica interna: endothelium

Types of Arteries
Conducting (elastic)
Passively accommodate blood flow

Distributing (muscular)
High smooth muscle content Deliver blood to specific organs

Arterioles
Control blood flow Link to capillaries

Capillaries
Pre-capillary sphincters
Open and close capillary beds of all capillaries are ususally closed

Structure: endothelium only

Types of Capillaries
Continuous: uninterrupted tube
Only allow small solutes such as glucose to enter Blood-brain barrier

Fenestrated: riddled with pores

Allow rapid passage of small molecules Hold proteins in the vessels Important in organs that engage in rapid filtration

Veins
Venules: Collect blood from capillaries
Porous

Veins:
Lower pressure than the arteries Thinner walls (little tunica media or externa) but larger lumens Walls expand easy and accomadate more blood than arteries

How does blood travel in veins?

1. Messaging action of skeletal muscle
2. Pressure gradient in the body:
Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity and negative in the thoracic cavity draws blood up

Venous Valves
3.Venous valves prevent backflow

Failure of valves results in varicose veins

Special Circulations: Portal Systems

Portal systems: Blood flows between two consecutive capillary beds before returning to the heart Artery
Capillary 1 Capillary 2

Vein

Hepatic Portal System

Connects capillaries of the intestines to capillaries of the liver
Delivers newly absorbed nutrients to the liver

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Responsible for transporting hormones

Dynamic Human

Overview
Review Heart sounds Blood supply to the heart Blood vessels
Valves

Portal systems Cat heart and human heart

Cat Dissection
Finish identifying arteries and veins
Remove cat heart and dissect in half
Valves and chambers Chordae Tendinai Coronary Arteries