English for Translation 1

2nd Class : March, 03, 2013

Yanuar Philip Wijaya

y.philip.wijaya@gmail.com

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan
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Module 1 Agriculture
English translation to Bahasa Indonesia Source: Encyclopedia and Text Book Learning Activity 1 (already discussed last week) Learning Activity 2 (lets discuss now!)

Task 1
AGRICULTURE

If you ask the average person what agriculture is, he will probably reply, Why, it means farming, of course. He will be partly right, for raising crops is a branch of agriculture. So also are livestock raising, dairy farming, fruit growing, chicken raising, and even fur farming. Agriculture includes the raising of every kind of plant and animal that is useful to man.

EXERCISE 1
See Paragraph 2 10 on your module

Task 2
With all its many branches, agriculture is the worlds most important

industry. It supplies the food we eat and many of the materials from which we make our clothing. Modern agriculture also provides business for many other industries. Farmers buy tractors, plows, seeders, and many other kinds of equipment. They buy supplies such as fertilizer, chemical sprays, and animal feed. The manufacturers from whom they buy these things in turn buy raw materials from other industries. Grocery stores and supermarkets, restaurants, and lunch counters, and companies that can and freeze food would have nothing to sell without agriculture. Railroads and truck lines that carry farm products to market are among the other industries that depend directly or indirectly on agriculture.

Task 3
TYPES OF FARMING

Farms are classified according to the type of farming that is done and the kinds of crops and livestock that are raised. They may be classified in several different ways, such as general, specialized, intensive, and extensive farms.

Task 4
A farm may fall into more than one classification at the

same time. For example, it may be both extensive and specialized.

Task 5
General Farming

A farm where a variety of things are raised is called a general farm. On such a farm there may be a herd of dairy cows whose milk the farmer sells. There may also be hogs, sheep, or poultry to provide extra income and supply some of the familys needs. The farmer may raise some of the hay and grain for feeding his animals. There may be some cash crop such as tobacco, soybeans, or vegetables. Cash crops, as the name indicates, are raised to be sold rather than for use on the farm.

Task 6
Specialization

There are many factors that influence the types of crops and livestock that a farmer raises. One of the most important is climate, which includes temperature, length of growing season, sunshine, and rainfall. Another is the type of soil. A third is the amount of water available for irrigation. Other factors are the terrain (whether the land is level and easily cultivated or steep and rocky), distance to markets, perishability of the product, and demand for the product.

Task 7
By concentrating on the particular crops or animals that

fit in best with his situation, the specialized farmer hopes to use his land in the most efficient and profitable way.

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Task 8
For example, farmers in the semi-arid western plains of

the United States and Canada specialize in raising wheat and other drought-resisting grains. The reason is that these plants will survive there while moisture-loving crops would fail. The land is generally level and the soil is free from large stones, so that it is practical to use large machines for cultivation and harvesting. Farmers in this region of vast natural grasslands could also raise cattle if they wished, but grain pays them better.

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Task 9
West of plains there are vast mountainous regions where

the land is too steep and rocky to cultivate. However, there are natural grasses that cattle and sheep can eat. Mountain streams provide a water supply. Here ranching takes the place of farming, for livestock can be raised profitably but plant crops cannot.

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Task 10
Many farmers in New England, New York State, and

Pennsylvania have found it profitable to specialize in producing fresh milk for the towns and cities of the northeastern states. The relatively cool summers and heavy rainfall are almost ideal conditions for pasture land, hay, and other feed crops. And markets are within easy trucking distance.

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Module 2 Agriculture
English translation to Bahasa Indonesia Source: Newspaper and Article Learning Activity 1 (lets discuss now!) Learning Activity 2 (for homework)

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Task 1
WHAT ARE TRANSGENIC PLANTS?

A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgenic) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: transgenic Bt corn, for example, which produces its own insectiside, contains a gene from a bacterium.

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EXERCISE 1
See Paragraph 2 10 on your module

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Task 2
Plants containing transgenic are often called genetically

modified or GM crops, although in reality all crops have been genetically modified from their original wild state by domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over long periods of time.

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Task 3
WHY MAKE TRANSGENIC CROP PLANTS?

A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. Depending on where and for what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold, and drought.

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Task 4
Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and

difficult process, especially as traditional plant breeding has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the same species or with closely related species to bring different genes together. For example, a gene for protein in soybean could not be transferred to a completely different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.

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Task 5
Transgenic technology enables plant breeders to bring

together in one plant useful genes from a wide range of living sources, not just from within the crop species or from closely related plants. This technology provides the means for identifying and isolating genes controlling specific characteristics in one kind of organism, and for moving copies of those genes into another quite different organism, which will then also have those characteristics.

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Task 6
This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what

they have always done generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes but it expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross-pollination and selection techniques.

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Task 7
HOW DO YOU MAKE A TRANSGENIC PLANT?

Introduction to DNA
The underlying reason that transgenic plants can be constructed is the universal presence of DNA (deoxyribonucleuic acid) in the cells of all living organisms. This molecule stores the organisms genetic information and orchestrates the metabolic processes of life. Genetic information is specified by the sequence of four chemical bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) along the length of the DNA molecule. Genes are discrete segments of DNA that encode the information necessary for assembly of a specific protein.

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Task 8
The proteins then function as enzymes to catalyze

biochemical reactions, or as structural or storage units of a cell, to contribute to expression of a plant trait. The general sequence of events by which the information encoded in DNA is expressed in the form of proteins via an mRNA intermediary is shown in the diagram below.

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Task 10
The transcription and translation processes are

controlled by a complex set of regulatory mechanisms, so that a particular protein is produced only when and where it is needed. Even species that are very different have similar mechanisms for converting the information in DNA into proteins; thus, a DNA segment from bacteria can be interpreted and translated into a functional protein when inserted into a plant.

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FORMATIVE TEST 1
See Paragraph 11 and 12 on your module

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Task 11
Among the most important tools in the genetic engineers

tool kit are enzymes that perform specific functions on DNA. The image at left (Voet, Donald 1995 Biochemistry) shows the structure of DNA as a double helix with the phospate backbone in yellow-green and the bases in white or teal green.

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Task 12
The blue and red figures represent the 3-D structure of a

restriction enzyme (EcoR1) which recognizes and cuts the DNA at a specific region of the DNA. Other enzymes known as lipases join the ends of two DNA fragments. These and other enzymes enable the manipulation and amplification of DNA, essential components in joining the DNA of two unrelated organisms.

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Please read Module 5 before the next class

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