PHP 2

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Chapter 26 - PHP
Outline
26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10 26.11 Introduction PHP String Processing and Regular Expressions Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables Form Processing and Business Logic Verifying a Username and Password Connecting to a Database Cookies Dynamic Content in PHP Operator Precedence Web Resources
2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives In this chapter, you will learn:

To understand PHP data types, operators, arrays and control structures. To understand string processing and regular expressions in PHP. To construct programs that process form data. To be able to read and write client data using cookies. To construct programs that interact with MySQL databases.
26.1 Introduction PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor Originally called Personal Home Page Tools Popular server-side scripting technology Open-source
Anyone may view, modify and redistribute source code Supported freely by community
Platform independent
26.2 PHP Basic application

Scripting delimiters
<? php ?>
Must enclose all script code
Variables preceded by $ symbol

Case-sensitive
End statements with semicolon Comments

// for single line /* */ for multiline
Filenames end with .php by convention
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  
Outline
first.php (1 of 1)
Scripting delimiters
<?php $name = "LunaTic"; ?> // declaration
Declare variable $name
11 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 </p> </body>  Welcome to PHP, <?php print( "$name" ); ?>! </strong> <body style = "font-size: 2em"> <p> <strong> <head> <title>A simple PHP document</title>Single-line </head>
comment
Function print outputs the value of variable

$name
25 </html>
2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.1 Simple PHP program.
26.2 PHP Variables

-Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the name of the variable -The variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character -A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ ) -A variable name should not contain spaces -Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables) -An unassigned (unbound) variable has the value NULL -The unset function sets a variable to NULL -The IsSet function is used to determine
26.2 PHP Variables

Can have different types at different times Type conversions settype function Type casting Concatenation operator . (period) Combine strings
26.2 PHP
Description int, integer Whole numbers (i.e., numbers without a decimal point). float, double Real numbers (i.e., numbers containing a decimal point). string Text enclosed in either single ('') or double ("") quotes. bool, Boolean True or false. array Group of elements of the same type. object Group of associated data and methods. Resource An external data source. NULL No value. Fig. 26.2 PHP data types. Data type
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PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a value to it. PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value. In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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Outline
data.php (1 of 3)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>PHP data types</title> </head> <body> <?php // declare a string, double and integer $testString = "3.5 seconds"; $testDouble = 79.2; $testInteger = 12; ?>

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
 <?php print( $testString ); ?> is a string.<br /> <?php print( $testDouble ); ?> is a double.<br /> <?php print( $testInteger ); ?> is an integer.<br /> <br /> Now, converting to other types:<br /> <?php // call function settype to convert variable // testString to different data types print( "$testString" ); settype( $testString, "double" ); print( " as a double is $testString <br />" ); print( "$testString" ); settype( $testString, "integer" ); print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" ); settype( $testString, "string" ); print( "Converting back to a string results in $testString <br /><br />" ); $data = "98.6 degrees";
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Outline
data.php Print each variables(2 value of 3)

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ?> </body> // use type casting to cast variables to a // different type print( "Now using type casting instead: <br /> As a string - " . (string) $data . "<br />As a double - " . (double) $data . "<br />As an integer - " . (integer) $data );
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Outline
data.php (3 of 3) Use type casting to cast variable $data to different types
53 </html>

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26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.3 Type conversion.
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Arithmetic operators
Operator Name Description Example Result
x+y
x-y x*y x/y
Addition
Subtraction Multiplication Division
Sum of x and y
Difference of x and y Product of x and y Quotient of x and y
2+2
5-2 5*2 15 / 5
4
3 10 3
x%y
Modulus
-x a.b
Negation Concatenation
Remainder of x divided by 5 % 2 y 10 % 8 10 % 2 Opposite of x -2

Concatenate two strings "Hi" . "Ha"
1 2 0
HiHa
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Assignment operators
Assignment
x=y x += y x -= y x *= y x /= y x %= y a .= b
Same as...
x=y x=x+y x=x-y x=x*y x=x/y x=x%y a=a.b
Description
The left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modulus Concatenate two strings
Before being assigned values, variables have value undef
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Increment/ Decrement Operators

Operato Name Description r ++ x Pre-increment Increments x by one, then returns x x ++ Post-increment Returns x, then increments x by one -- x Pre-decrement Decrements x by one, then returns x x -PostReturns x, then decrements x by one decrement
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Comparison Operators
Operator x == y x === y x != y x <> y x !== y x>y x<y x >= y x <= y Name Equal Identical Not equal Not equal Not identical Greater than Less than Description True if x is equal to y True if x is equal to y, and they are of same type True if x is not equal to y True if x is not equal to y True if x is not equal to y, or they are not of same type True if x is greater than y True if x is less than y Example 5==8 returns false 5==="5" returns false 5!=8 returns true 5<>8 returns true 5!=="5" returns true 5>8 returns false 5<8 returns true 5>=8 returns false 5<=8 returns true
Greater than or equal True if x is greater than or equal to y to Less than or equal to True if x is less than or equal to y
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26.2 PHP Constants - A way of associating a scalar value with a string taken - Defined by the define construct define(myconstant, 12); - Same rules apply for naming variable names - No $ before the constant name - Once defined their values cannot be changed.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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Outline
operators.php (1 of 3)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Using arithmetic operators</title> </head> <body> <?php $a = 5;
Define constant VALUE.
print( "The value of variable a is $a <br />" ); // define constant VALUE define( "VALUE", 5 );
Add constant VALUE to variable $a.
// add constant VALUE to variable $a $a = $a + VALUE; print( "Variable a after adding constant VALUE is $a <br />" );

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// multiply variable $a by 2 $a *= 2; print( "Multiplying variable a by 2 yields $a <br />" ); // test if variable $a is less than 50 if ( $a < 50 ) print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" ); // add 40 to variable $a $a += 40; print( "Variable a after adding 40 is $a <br />" ); // test if variable $a is 50 or less if ( $a < 51 ) print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" ); // test if variable $a is between 50 and 100, inclusive elseif ( $a < 101 ) print( "Variable a is now between 50 and 100, inclusive<br />" ); else print( "Variable a is now greater than 100 <br />" );
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Outline

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ?>
// print an uninitialized variable print( "Using a variable before initializing: $nothing <br />" ); // add constant VALUE to an uninitialized variable $test = $num + VALUE; print( "An uninitialized variable plus constant VALUE yields $test <br />" ); // add a string to an integer $str = "3 dollars"; $a += $str; print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a <br />" ); </body>
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Outline
65 </html>

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26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.4 Using PHPs arithmetic operators.
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IF statement
Syntax
if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true;

The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday: <html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") echo "Have a nice weekend!"; ?> </body> </html>
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The if...else Statement

Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Have a nice weekend!"; } else { echo "Have a nice day!"; } ?> </body> </html>
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The if...elseif....else Statement

Example
The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html> <body> <?php $d=date("D"); if ($d=="Fri") { echo "Have a nice weekend!"; } elseif ($d=="Sun") { echo "Have a nice Sunday!"; } else { echo "Have a nice day!"; } ?> /body> </html>
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The PHP Switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax switch (n) { case label1: code to be executed if n=label1; break; case label2: code to be executed if n=label2; break; default: code to be executed if n is different from both label1 and label2; }
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The PHP Switch Statement

Example <html> <body> <?php $x=1; switch ($x) { case 1: echo "Number 1"; break; case 2: echo "Number 2"; break; case 3: echo "Number 3"; break; default: echo "No number between 1 and 3"; } ?> </body> </html>
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The while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code while a condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition) { code to be executed; }
Example: $i=0; while ($i<10){ echo $i; $i++; }
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The do...while Statement

Syntax do { code to be executed; } while (condition);
Example <html> <body> <?php $i=1; do { $i++; echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } while ($i<=5); ?> </body> </html>
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The for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (init; condition; increment) { code to be executed; } Example <html> <body> <?php for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++) { echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />"; } ?> </body> </html>
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Arrays Not like the arrays of any other programming language A PHP array is a generalization of the arrays of other languages A PHP array is really a mapping of keys to values, where the keys can be numbers (to get a traditional array) or strings.
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Array Creation
Use the array() construct, which takes one or more key => value pairs as parameters and returns an array of them The keys are non-negative integer literals or string literals The values can be anything
$list1 = array(); $list2 = array (17, 24, 45, 90); $list3 = array(0 => "apples",1 => "oranges", 2 => "grapes")
$list4 = array(Joe => 42, Mary => 41, Jan => 17);
$list5 = $list2;
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Numeric Arrays
A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index. There are two methods to create a numeric array. 1. In the following example the index are automatically assigned (the index starts at 0): $cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota"); 2. In the following example we assign the index manually: $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota";
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Numeric Arrays
Example In the following example you access the variable values by referring to the array name and index: <?php $cars[0]="Saab"; $cars[1]="Volvo"; $cars[2]="BMW"; $cars[3]="Toyota"; echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are Swedish cars."; ?> The code above will output: Saab and Volvo are Swedish cars.
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Associative Arrays
An associative array, each ID key is associated with a value. Example 1 In this example we use an array to assign ages to the different persons: $ages = array("Peter"=>32, John"=>30, "Joe"=>34); Example 2 This example is the same as example 1, but shows a different way of creating the array: $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages['Quagmire'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; The ID keys can be used in a script: <?php $ages['Peter'] = "32"; $ages[John'] = "30"; $ages['Joe'] = "34"; echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old."; ?>
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Multidimensional Arrays
In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on
Example In this example we create a multidimensional array, with automatically assigned ID keys:
$families = array ( "Griffin"=>array( "Peter", "Lois", "Megan"), "Quagmire"=>array ( "Glenn"), "Brown"=>array ( "Cleveland", "Loretta", "Junior" ) );
echo "Is " . $families['Griffin'][2] . " a part of the Griffin family?";
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Dealing with Arrays

The keys or values can be extracted from an array $highs = array("Mon" => 74, "Tue" => 70, "Wed" => 67, "Thu" => 62, "Fri" => 65); $days = array_keys($highs); $temps = array_values($highs); sort - to sort the values of an array e.g., sort($list); An array can be deleted with unset unset($highs); unset($highs[4]); # No index 4 element now is_array($highs) returns true if $highs is an array in_array(17, $highs) returns true if 17 is an element of $highs count ($highs) returns the number of elements in $highs
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Sequential Acces to Array elements foreach statement to build loops that process all of the elements in an array foreach (array as key=>value) loop body E.g. foreach ($highs as $day=>$temp) print(The low temperature on $day was $temp <br />);
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26.2 PHP Arrays, cont.

Built-in iterators
Maintain pointer to element currently referenced
reset key next
foreach loops
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26.2 PHP
PHP keywords
and break case class continue default do else elseif extends false for foreach function global if include list new not or require return static switch this true var virtual xor while
Fig. 26.5 PHP keywords.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
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Outline
arrays.php (1 of 3)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Array manipulation</title> </head> <body> <?php // create array first print( "<strong>Creating the first array</strong> <br />" ); $first[ 0 ] = "zero"; $first[ 1 ] = "one"; $first[ 2 ] = "two"; $first[] = "three";
Create the array $first by assigning a value to an array element.
Use a for loop to print out each elements index and value. Function count returns the total number of elements in the array.
// print each elements index and value for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $first ); $i++ ) print( "Element $i is $first[$i] <br />" );

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 // assign values to non-numerical indices $third[ "ArtTic" ] = 21; $third[ "LunaTic" ] = 18; $third[ "GalAnt" ] = 23; print( "<br /><strong>Creating the third array </strong><br />" ); // call function $second = array( print( "<br /><strong>Creating the second array </strong><br />" );
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Call function array to create an array that contains the arguments passed to it. Store the array in variable arrays.php array to create array $second second . (2 of 3) "zero", "one", "two", "three" );
Outline
for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $second ); $i++ ) print( "Element $i is $second[$i] <br />" );
Function reset sets the internal pointer to the first element of the array.
// iterate through the array elements and print each // elements name and value for ( reset( $third ); $element = key( $third ); next( $third ) ) print( "$element is $third[$element] <br />" );
Function key returns the index of the element which the internal pointer references. Function next moves the internal pointer to the next element.
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 ?>
print( "<br /><strong>Creating the fourth array </strong><br />" ); // call function array to create array fourth using // string indices $fourth = array( "January" "March" "May" "July" "November" ); // print each elements name and value foreach ( $fourth as $element => $value ) print( "$element is the $value month <br />" ); </body> => "first", => "third", => => => "February" => "second", "April" => "fourth",
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Outline
arrays.php (3 of 3)
"September" =>
is "sixth", used in function array to assign each "fifth", Operator "June" =>=> a string index. The value to the left of the "seventh",element "August" => "eighth", is the index, and the value to the right is "ninth", operator "October" => array "tenth", the elements value. "eleventh","December" => "twelfth"
68 </html>

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26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.6 Array manipulation.
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26.3 String Processing and Regular Expressions String processing

Equality and comparison two important operations strcmp function
Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2 Returns 0 if string 1 = string 2 Returns 1 if string 1 > string 2
Relational operators
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
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Outline
compare.php (1 of 2)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>String Comparison</title> </head> <body> <?php
Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.
// create array fruits $fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" ); // iterate through each array element for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $fruits ); $i++ ) { // call function strcmp to compare the array element // to string "banana" if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 ) print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );
Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string alphabetically precedes the second, then 1 is returned. If the strings are equal, 0 is returned. If the first string 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. alphabetically follows the second, then 1 is returned.
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ?> </body> }
elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 ) print( $fruits[ $i ]. " is greater than banana " ); else
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Outline
to compare each array compare.php element to string apple. (2 of 2)
relational operators print( $fruits[ $i ]." is Use equal to banana " );

// use relational operators to compare each element // to string "apple" if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" ) print( "and less than apple! <br />" ); elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" ) print( "and greater than apple! <br />" ); elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" ) print( "and equal to apple! <br />" );
43 </html>

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26.3 String Processing and Regular Expressions

Fig. 26.7 Using the string comparison operators.
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26.3 String Processing and Regular Expressions Regular expressions

Pattern matching templates ereg function
POSIX preg_match function Perl ereg_replace function
Building regular expressions

Metacharacters
$, ., ^
Brackets [ ]
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Regular expressions</title> </head> <body> <?php
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Outline
expression.php (1 of 3)
Function ereg searches for the literal characters Now inside variable $search.
$search = "Now is the time"; print( "Test string is: '$search'<br /><br />" ); // call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now' // in variable search if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) ) print( "String 'Now' was found.<br />" );

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// search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of // the string if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) ) print( "String 'Now' found at beginning of the line.<br />" ); // search for pattern 'Now' at the end of the string if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) ) (now ile balayan varm diye bakyor ^) print( "String 'Now' was found at the end of the line.<br />" ); // search for any word ending in 'ow' if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search, $match ) ) print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " . $match[ 1 ] . "<br />" ); // search for any words beginning with 't' print( "Words beginning with 't' found: "); // eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[a-zA-Z]]+)[[:>:]]", yerine alpha yazabiliriz. while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]", $search, $match ) ) { print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );
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Outline
expression.php (2 of 3)
Function eregi is used to specify case insensitive pattern matches.

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 ?> </body> }
// remove the first occurrence of a word beginning // with 't' to find other instances in the string $search = ereg_replace( $match[ 1 ], "", $search );
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Outline
print( "<br />" );
54 </html>
expression.php After printing a match of a word beginning with t, function (3 of 3) ereg_replace is called to remove the word from the string. This is necessary be because to find multiple instances of a given pattern, the first matched instance must first be removed. Function ereg_replace takes three arguments: the pattern to match, a string to replace the matched string and the string to search.

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Fig. 26.8 Regular expressions in PHP.
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Quantifier
{n} {m,n} {n,} + * ?
Matches
Exactly n times. Between m and n times inclusive. n or more times. One or more times (same as {1,}). Zero or more times (same as {0,}). Zero or one time (same as {0,1}).
Fig. 26.9
Some PHP quantifiers.
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Character class
alnum alpha digit space lower upper
Description
Alphanumeric characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z] or digits [0-9]). Word characters (i.e., letters [a-zA-Z]). Digits. Whitespace. Lowercase letters. Uppercase letters.
Fig. 26.10
Some PHP character classes.
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26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables Environment variables

Provide information about execution environment
Type of Web browser Type of server Details of HTTP connection
Stored as array in PHP

$_ENV
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26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

Variable name Description $_SERVER Data about the currently running server. $_ENV Data about the clients environment. $_GET Data posted to the server by the get method. $_POST Data posted to the server by the post method. $_COOKIE Data contained in cookies on the clients computer. $GLOBALS Array containing all global variables. Fig. 26.11 Some useful global arrays.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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Outline
env.php (1 of 1)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Environment Variables</title> </head> <body> <table border = "0" cellpadding = "2" cellspacing = "0" width = "100%"> <?php // print the key and value for each element // in the $_ENV array foreach ( $_ENV as $key => $value ) print( "<tr><td bgcolor = \"#11bbff\"> <strong>$key</strong></td> <td>$value</td></tr>" ); ?> </table> </body>
26 </html>

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26.4 Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables

Fig. 26.12 Displaying environment variables.
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26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic Form processing

action property Where to send form data method property
post
Each element has unique name
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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Outline
form.html (1 of 4)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1> Please fill in all fields and click Register.  <form method = "post" action = "form.php"> <img src = "images/user.gif" alt = "User" /><br /> <span style = "color: blue"> Please fill out the fields below.<br /> </span>
The action attribute of the form element indicates that when the user clicks Register, the form data will be posted to form.php.

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 <img src = "images/fname.gif" alt = "First Name" /> <input type = "text" name = "fname" /><br /> <img src = "images/lname.gif" alt = "Last Name" /> <input type = "text" name = "lname" /><br /> <img src = "images/email.gif" alt = "Email" /> <input type = "text" name = "email" /><br /> <img src = "images/phone.gif" alt = "Phone" /> <input type = "text" name = "phone" /><br /> <span style = "font-size: 10pt"> Must be in the form (555)555-5555</span> <br /><br /> <img src = "images/downloads.gif" alt = "Publications" /><br /> <span style = "color: blue"> Which book would you like information about? </span><br />
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Outline
form.html (2 of 4)
A unique name (e.g., email) is assigned to eac of the forms input fields. When Register is clicked, each fields name and value are sent the Web server.

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 <select name = "book"> <option>Internet and WWW How to Program 3e</option> <option>C++ How to Program 4e</option> <option>Java How to Program 5e</option> <option>XML How to Program 1e</option> </select> <br /><br /> <img src = "images/os.gif" alt = "Operating System" /> <br /><span style = "color: blue"> Which operating system are you currently using? <br /></span>  <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP" checked = "checked" /> Windows XP <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 2000" /> Windows 2000 <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows 98" /> Windows 98<br />
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Outline
form.html (3 of 4)

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 </body> 86 </html>  <input type = "submit" value = "Register" /> </form> <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Other" /> Other<br /> <input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Linux" /> Linux
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Outline
form.html (4 of 4)

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26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic

Fig. 26.13 XHTML form for gathering user input.
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26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic Business logic

Confirm that valid information was entered extract function
Creates variables corresponding to each key-value pair in array Easily retrieve all values sent to PHP page
Regular expressions very helpful Do checks on client side where possible

JavaScript Conserves server resources
Ending a script
die function Remember to close all HTML tags
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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form.php (1 of 4)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Form Validation</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial,sans-serif"> <?php extract( $_POST ); // determine whether phone number is valid and print // an error message if not if ( !ereg( "^$[0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ){
We access the phone fields value from form.html by using variable $phone.

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 <p>Hi ?> }
print( "<p><span style = \"color: red; font-size: 2em\"> INVALID PHONE NUMBER</span><br /> A valid phone number must be in the form <strong>(555)555-5555</strong><br /> <span style = \"color: blue\"> Click the Back button, enter a valid phone number and resubmit.<br /><br /> Thank You.</span></p></body></html>" ); die(); // terminate script execution
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form.php (2 of 4)
Function die terminates script execution
<span style = "color: blue"> <strong> <?php print( "$fname" ); ?> </strong> </span>. Thank you for completing the survey.<br />

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You have been added to the <span style = "color: blue"> <strong> <?php print( "$book " ); ?> </strong> </span> mailing list. </p> <strong>The following information has been saved in our database:</strong><br /> <table border = "0" cellpadding = "0" cellspacing = "10"> <tr> <td bgcolor = "#ffffaa">Name </td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffbb">Email</td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffcc">Phone</td> <td bgcolor = "#ffffdd">OS</td> </tr> <tr> <?php
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form.php (3 of 4)

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 ?> </tr> </table>
// print each form fields value print( "<td>$fname $lname</td> <td>$email</td> <td>$phone</td> <td>$os</td>" );
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form.php (4 of 4)
<br /><br /><br /> <div style = "font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"> This is only a sample form. You have not been added to a mailing list. </div> </body>
81 </html>

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26.5 Form Processing and Business Logic

Fig. 26.14 Obtaining user input through forms.
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26.6 Verifying a Username and Password Private website

Only accessible to certain individuals Encrypt username and password data when sending, storing and retrieving for increased security
Implementing password checking

Login information stored in file
fopen function
Read, write, append modes
Store data using fputs

\n newline character
Close files when done

fclose function
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26.6 Verifying a Username and Password Implementing password checking, cont.

Trim newline character
chop function
Split string into substrings given a certain delimiter

split function
If username/password match list, allow access
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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password.html (1 of 4)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Verifying a username and a password.</title> <style type = "text/css"> td { background-color: #DDDDDD } </style> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial"> <p style = "font-size: 13pt"> Type in your username and password below. <br /> <span style = "color: #0000FF; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold"> Note that password will be sent as plain text </span> </p>

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
 <form action = "password.php" method = "post"> <br />
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Outline
Form data is posted to password.php.
<table border = "0" cellspacing = "0" style = "height: 90px; width: 123px; font-size: 10pt" cellpadding = "0"> <tr> <td colspan = "3"> <strong>Username:</strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan = "3"> <input size = "40" name = "USERNAME" style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" /> </td> </tr>

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<tr> <td colspan = "3"> <strong>Password:</strong> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan = "3"> <input size = "40" name = "PASSWORD" style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" type = "password" /> <br/></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan = "1"> <input type = "submit" name = "Enter" value = "Enter" style = "height: 23px; width: 47px" /> </td> <td colspan = "2"> <input type = "submit" name = "NewUser" value = "New User" style = "height: 23px" /> </td>
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72 73 74 75
</tr> </table> </form> </body>
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76 </html>

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26.6 Verifying a Username and Password

Fig. 26.15 XHTML form for obtaining a username and password.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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password.php (1 of 7)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <?php extract( $_POST ); // check if user has left USERNAME or PASSWORD field blank if ( !$USERNAME || !$PASSWORD ) { fieldsBlank(); die(); } // check if the New User button was clicked if ( isset( $NewUser ) ) { // open password.txt for writing using append mode if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt", "a" ) ) ) {

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 } } }
// print error message and terminate script // execution if file cannot be opened print( "<title>Error</title></head><body> Could not open password file </body></html>" ); die();
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Outline
// write username and password to file and // call function userAdded fputs( $file, "$USERNAME,$PASSWORD\n" ); userAdded( $USERNAME ); else { // if a new user is not being added, open file // for reading if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt", "r" ) ) ) { print( "<title>Error</title></head> <body>Could not open password file </body></html>" ); die();

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
$userVerified = 0;
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// read each line in file and check username // and password while ( !feof( $file ) && !$userVerified ) { // read line from file $line = fgets( $file, 255 ); // remove newline character from end of line $line = chop( $line ); // split username and password $field = split( ",", $line, 2 ); // verify username if ( $USERNAME == $field[ 0 ] ) { $userVerified = 1; // call function checkPassword to verify // users password if ( checkPassword( $PASSWORD, $field ) == true ) accessGranted( $USERNAME ); else wrongPassword();
Function checkPassword is called to verify the users password. Variable $PASSWORD and array $field are passed to the function. 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc.
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 } } }
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// close text file fclose( $file ); // call function accessDenied if username has // not been verified if ( !$userVerified ) accessDenied();
// verify user password and return a boolean function checkPassword( $userpassword, $filedata ) { if ( $userpassword == $filedata[ 1 ] ) return true; else return false;

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
// print a message indicating the user has been added function userAdded( $name ) { print( "<title>Thank You</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: blue\"> <strong>You have been added to the user list, $name. <br />Enjoy the site.</strong>" ); } // print a message indicating permission // has been granted function accessGranted( $name ) { print( "<title>Thank You</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: blue\"> <strong>Permission has been granted, $name. <br /> Enjoy the site.</strong>" ); }
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120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141
// print a message indicating password is invalid function wrongPassword() { print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong>You entered an invalid password.<br />Access has been denied.</strong>" ); } // print a message indicating access has been denied function accessDenied() { print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong> You were denied access to this server. <br /></strong>" ); }
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142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 ?>
// print a message indicating that fields // have been left blank function fieldsBlank() { print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head> <body style = \"font-family: arial; font-size: 1em; color: red\"> <strong> Please fill in all form fields. <br /></strong>" ); } </body>
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Outline
155 </html>

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26.6 Verifying a Username and Password

Fig. 26.16 Verifying a username and password.
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account1,password1 account2,password2 account3,password3 account4,password4 account5,password5 account6,password6 account7,password7 account8,password8 account9,password9
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Outline
password.txt (1 of 1)
10 account10,password10

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26.7 Connecting to a Database Databases

Store and maintain data MySQL is a free database product PHP supports many database operations
Access databases from Web pages
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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data.html (1 of 2)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample Database Query</title> </head> <body style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> <h2 style = "font-family: arial color: blue"> Querying a MySQL database. </h2> <form method = "post" action = "database.php"> <p>Select a field to display:  

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 </body>
<select name = "select"> <option selected = "selected">*</option> <option>ID</option> <option>Title</option> <option>Category</option> <option>ISBN</option> </select> </p> <input type = "submit" value = "Send Query" style = "background-color: blue; color: yellow; font-weight: bold" /> </form>
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data.html (2 of 2)
36 </html>

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26.7 Connecting to a Database

Fig. 26.18 Form to query a MySQL database.
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26.7 Connecting to a Database Interacting with databases

SQL
Structured Query Language Used to manipulate databases
Several useful functions

mysql_connect mysql_select_db mysql_query mysql_error mysql_fetch_row mysql_close
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  -->
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database.php (1 of 3)

<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Search Results</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif" style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> <?php extract( $_POST ); // build SELECT query $query = "SELECT " . $select . " // Connect to MySQL if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" );
Function mysql_connect returns a database handle which represents PHPs connection to a database. If this connection is not made, function FROM Books"; die is called to terminate script execution.

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 // fetch each record in result set for ( $counter = 0; $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result ); $counter++ ){ <?php <table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2" style = "background-color: #ADD8E6"> <h3 style = "color: blue"> Search Results</h3> ?> } // query Products database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() ); // open Products database if ( !mysql_select_db( "Products", $database ) ) die( "Could not open Products database" );
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Outline
Function mysql_fetch_row returns an array containing the elements of each row in the result set of our query ($result).
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 </body> 75 </html> </h5> </table> ?> }
// build table to display results print( "<tr>" ); foreach ( $row as $key => $value ) print( "<td>$value</td>" ); print( "</tr>" );
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mysql_close( $database );
<br />Your search yielded <strong> <?php print( "$counter" ) ?> results.<br /><br /></strong> <h5>Please email comments to <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. </a>

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26.7 Connecting to a Database

Fig. 26.19 Querying a database and displaying the results.
98
26.8 Cookies Cookies

Store information on client computer Track preferences and other information Stored as text files on hard drive Never store sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, in a cookie
Security risk
Cookies and PHP

setcookie function Name Value Expiration date
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  
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cookies.html (1 of 2)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif; background-color: #99CCFF"> <h2>Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.</h2>

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<form method = "post" action = "cookies.php" style = "font-size: 10pt"> <strong>Name:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "NAME" /><br /> <strong>Height:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "HEIGHT" /><br /> <strong>Favorite Color:</strong><br /> <input type = "text" name = "COLOR" /><br /> <input type = "submit" value = "Write Cookie" style = "background-color: #F0E86C; color: navy; font-weight: bold" /></p> </form> </body>
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Outline
Form data is posted to cookies.php. cookies.html (2 of 2)
33 </html>

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26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.20 Gathering data to be written as a cookie.
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<?php // Fig. 26.21: cookies.php // Program to write a cookie to a client's machine extract( $_POST ); // write each form fields value to a cookie and set the // cookies expiration date setcookie( "Name", $NAME, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 ); setcookie( "Height", $HEIGHT, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 ); setcookie( "Color", $COLOR, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
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cookies.php (1 of 2)
11 ?> 12 13 14 15
Function setcookie takes the name of the cookie to be set as the first argument, <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" followed by the value to be stored in the "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> cookie. The optional third argument specifies the expiration date of the cookie.
<head> <title>Cookie Saved</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"> <p>The cookie has been set with the following data:</p>
16 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
 <br /><span style = "color: blue">Name:</span> <?php print( $NAME ) ?><br /> <span style = "color: blue">Height:</span> <?php print( $HEIGHT ) ?><br /> <span style = "color: blue">Favorite Color:</span> <span style = "color: <?php print( "$COLOR\">$COLOR" ) ?> </span><br /> <p>Click <a href = "readCookies.php">here</a> to read the saved cookie.</p> </body>
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Outline
cookies.php (2 of 2)
38 </html>
Hyperlink to readCookies.php.

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26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.21 Writing a cookie to the client.
105
26.8 Cookies Reading cookies

$_COOKIE environment variable Array foreach loop to access each element Split into key and value
106
26.8 Cookies Cookie storage

Internet Explorer
Stores cookies in Cookies directory Text file
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26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.22 Cookies directory before a cookie is written.
Fig. 26.23 Cookies directory after a cookie is written.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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readCookies.php (1 of 2)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head><title>Read Cookies</title></head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"> <p> <strong> The following data is saved in a cookie on your computer. </strong> </p>

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<table border = "5" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "10"> <?php // iterate through array $_COOKIE and print // name and value of each cookie foreach ( $_COOKIE as $key => $value ) print( "<tr> <td bgcolor=\"#F0E68C\">$key</td> <td bgcolor=\"#FFA500\">$value</td> </tr>" ); ?> </table> </body>
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Outline
readCookies.php (2 of 2)
33 </html>

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26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.24 Displaying the cookies content.
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26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP Dynamically alter XHTML content

Forms action property set to same page that contains it Perform different actions when page is loaded and form is submitted
isset variable
Check for errors

Write different XHTML when errors encountered $$variable syntax References variable whose name equals the value of $variable
If input is valid, make MySQL database calls
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 
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dynamicForm.php (1 of 9)
 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
10 </head> 11 12 <body> 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 // array of book titles $booklist = array( "Internet and WWW How to Program 3e", "C++ How to Program 4e", "Java How to Program 5e", "XML How to Program 1e" ); <?php extract ( $_POST ); $iserror = false;
Build array of options for the form.

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// array of possible operating systems $systemlist = array( "Windows XP", "Windows 2000", "Windows 98", "Linux", "Other"); // array of name and alt values for the text input fields $inputlist = array( "fname" => "First Name", "lname" => "Last Name", "email" => "Email", "phone" => "Phone" ); if ( isset ( $submit ) ) { if ( $fname == "" ) { $formerrors[ "fnameerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; } if ( $lname == "" ) { $formerrors[ "lnameerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; }
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47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
if ( $email == "" ) { $formerrors[ "emailerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; } if ( !ereg( "^$[0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ) { $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] = true; $iserror = true; } if ( !$iserror ) {
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If there were no errors, query the MySQL database.
// build INSERT query $query = "INSERT INTO contacts " . "( LastName, FirstName, Email, Phone, Book, OS ) " . "VALUES ( '$lname', '$fname', '$email', " . "'" . quotemeta( $phone ) . "', '$book', '$os' )"; // Connect to MySQL if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" ); // open MailingList database if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) ) die( "Could not open MailingList database" );

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 <table border = '0' cellpadding = '0' cellspacing = '10'> <tr> <td bgcolor = '#ffffaa'>Name</td> <td bgcolor = '#ffffbb'>Email</td> <td bgcolor = '#ffffcc'>Phone</td> You have been added to the <span style = 'color: blue'> <strong>$book</strong></span> mailing list. </p> <strong>The following information has been saved in our database:</strong><br /> print( "<p>Hi <span style = 'color: blue'> <strong>$fname</strong></span>. Thank you for completing the survey.<br /> } // execute query in MailingList database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() );
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98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 } }
<td bgcolor = '#ffffdd'>OS</td> </tr> <tr>  <td>$fname $lname</td> <td>$email</td> <td>$phone</td> <td>$os</td> </tr></table> <br /><br /><br /> <div style = 'font-size: 10pt; text-align: center'> <div style = 'font-size : 18pt'> <a href = 'formDatabase.php'> Click here to view entire database.</a></div> This is only a sample form. You have not been added to a mailing list. </div></body></html>" ); die();
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Halt the script so the form-generation code does not execute.
print( "<h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1> Please fill in all fields and click Register." );

123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 } print( "<br />" ); if ( $formerrors[ ( $inputname )."error" ] == true ) print( "<span style = 'color : red'>*</span>" ); print( "<img src = 'images/$inputname.gif' alt = '$inputalt' /><input type = 'text' name = '$inputname' value = '" . $$inputname . "' />" ); " ); foreach ( $inputlist as $inputname => $inputalt ) { $inputtext = $inputvalues[ $inputname ]; print( " <form method = 'post' action = 'dynamicform.php'> <img src = 'images/user.gif' alt = 'User' /><br /> <span style = 'color: blue'> Please fill out the fields below.<br /> </span> } if ( $iserror ) { print( "<br /><span style = 'color : red'> Fields with * need to be filled in properly.</span>" );
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149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 if ( ( $currbook == $book ) ) print( " selected = 'true'" ); foreach ( $booklist as $currbook ) { print( "<option" );  <select name = 'book'>" ); <span style = 'color: blue'> Which book would you like information about? </span><br /> <img src = 'images/downloads.gif' alt = 'Publications' /><br /> print( "'>Must be in the form (555)555-5555 </span><br /><br /> if ( $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] ) print( "; color : red" ); print( "<span style = 'font-size : 10pt" );
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Make sure the correct book is selected in the dropdown box.

174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 } }
print( ">$currbook</option>" );
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<img src = 'images/os.gif' alt = 'Operating System' /> <br /><span style = 'color: blue'> Which operating system are you currently using? <br /></span> " );
print( "</select><br /><br />
$counter = 0; foreach ( $systemlist as $currsystem ) { print( "<input type = 'radio' name = 'os' value = '$currsystem'" ); if ( $currsystem == $os ) print( "checked = 'checked'" ); if ( $iserror && $counter == 0 ) print( "checked = 'checked'" ); print( " />$currsystem" ); if ( $counter == 2 ) print( "<br />" ); $counter++;

200 201 202 203 204 ?>
print( " <br /> <input type = 'submit' name = 'submit' value = 'Register' /> </form></body></html>" );
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121
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP

Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
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Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   -->
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formDatabase.php (1 of 3)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Search Results</title> </head> <body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif" style = "background-color: #F0E68C"> <?php
Build the query string.

extract( $_POST ); // build SELECT query $query = "SELECT * FROM contacts"; // Connect to MySQL if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost", "httpd", "" ) ) ) die( "Could not connect to database" );

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 <tr> <td>ID</td> <td>Last Name</td> <td>First Name</td> <td>E-mail Address</td> <td>Phone Number</td> <td>Book</td> <table border = "1" cellpadding = "3" cellspacing = "2" style = "background-color: #ADD8E6"> <h3 style = "color: blue"> Mailing List Contacts</h3> ?> } // query MailingList database if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) { print( "Could not execute query! <br />" ); die( mysql_error() ); // open MailingList database if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) ) die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
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51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 </body> 75 </html> ?>
<td>Operating System</td> </tr> <?php // fetch each record in result set for ( $counter = 0; $row = mysql_fetch_row( $result ); $counter++ ){ // build table to display results print( "<tr>" ); foreach ( $row as $key => $value ) print( "<td>$value</td>" ); print( "</tr>" ); } mysql_close( $database );
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Outline
</table>

126

Fig. 26.26 Displaying the MailingList database.
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26.10 Operator Precedence

Operator new [] ~ ! ++ -@ * / % + . << >> < > <= >= == != === !== Fig. 26.27 Type
constructor subscript bitwise not not increment decrement unary negative error control multiplication division modulus addition subtraction concatenation bitwise shift left bitwise shift right less than greater than less than or equal greater than or equal equal not equal identical not identical
Associativity
none right to left right to left
left to right
left to right
left to right none
none
PHP operator precedence and associativity.
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26.10 Operator Precedence

Operator & ^ | && || = += -= *= /= &= |= ^= .= <<= >>= and xor or , Fig. 26.27 Type
bitwise AND bitwise XOR bitwise OR logical AND logical OR assignment addition assignment subtraction assignment multiplication assignment division assignment bitwise AND assignment bitwise OR assignment bitwise exclusive OR assignment concatenation assignment bitwise shift left assignment bitwise shift right assignment logical AND exclusive OR logical OR list
Associativity
left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right
left to right left to right left to right left to right
PHP operator precedence and associativity.

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1

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Objectives In this chapter, you will learn:

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26.1 Introduction PHP

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26.2 PHP Basic application

Must enclose all script code

Variables preceded by $ symbol

End statements with semicolon Comments

Filenames end with .php by convention

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Declare variable $name

Function print outputs the value of variable

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26.2 PHP Variables

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26.2 PHP Variables

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PHP is a Loosely Typed Language

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Remainder of x divided by 5 % 2 y 10 % 8 10 % 2 Opposite of x -2

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Before being assigned values, variables have value undef

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Increment/ Decrement Operators

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Define constant VALUE.

Add constant VALUE to variable $a.

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if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true;

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The if...else Statement

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The if...elseif....else Statement

The PHP Switch Statement

The PHP Switch Statement

The while Loop

The while loop executes a block of code while a condition is true.

The do...while Statement

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The for Loop

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Dealing with Arrays

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26.2 PHP Arrays, cont.

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