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HATI
KANDUNG
EMPEDU
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ANATOMI-FISIOLOGI (LOBULUS)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
SEL HEPATOSIT (RADIER) VENA SENTRALIS KANALIKULI SINUSOID SEL KUPFFER SPACE OF DISSE
V.PORTA
KANALIKULI
SINUSOID
V.HEPATKA
DUKTUS BILIARIS
Blood flow through the liver 1450 ml/min (29% COP) 1100 ml : from the portal vein 350 ml : from hepatic artery. The pressure of portal vein : 9 mmHg The pressure in the hepatic vein : 0 mmHg Chirrosis of the liver (alkoholic, carbon tetachloride, virus diseases, infectious in the bile duct) : blockage of the portal system
ml can be stored in the hepatic vein and hepatic sinuses. 0,5 to 1 liter : high pressure in the right atrium
High hepatic vascular pressures causing fluid transudation into the abdominal cavity from the liver and portal capillaries ASCITES
BLOCKAGE OF PORTAL FLOW ALSO CAUSES ASCITES, BUT IS LESS Bicause the collateral vascular channel develop rapidly from the portal veins to the systemic veins.
C. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
Secrete
IGF I and somatomedin in response to growth hormone Forms T3 from T4 Secrete angiotensinogen Activation of vitamin D Secrete erytropoitin (15 %)
D. DETOXIFICATION FUNCTION
Removal of drugs, hormons etc : Detoxifies drugs : sulfonamides, penicillin, erytromicin Altered or excreted hormones : thyroxine, steroid hormons (estrogen, cortisol, aldosteron) Detoxifies products of metabolism Detoxifies forigns chemicals
glycogen, fats, vitamins A, B12, D, E, K, copper and Fe (combined with protein called ferritin)
DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS
Secrete bile, righ in HCO3 synthesizes bile salt from cholesterol synthesizes bile pigments from haem of haemoglobin Excretes plasma cholesterol and lecithin
form fibrinogen, protrombin, accelerator globulin, faktor VII Vit K is required by the metabolic process of the liver for the formation protrombin, faktor VII, IX and X
PRODUCTION OF BILE
500
1000 ml/day Synthesize BILE SALT from cholesterol (conjugated with glycine or taurine) Convert HAEM to BILE PIGMENTS (coupled to glucoronic acid) form bilirubin glucoronide (BILE) Discharge bile into bile canaliculi hepatic ducts GALL BLADER
BILIARY SECRETIONS
Riquired for digestion and absorption of fats and excretion of water insoluble substaces sach as cholesterol and bilirubin Formed by hepatocytes (250-1100 ml/day) Secreted continously, stored in gallbladder during interdigestive period. Released into the duodenum during digestive periode, trigered the released of CCK
GALLBLADDER
FUNCTION : Storage : stores and concentrates during interdigestive periode. contraction : during digestive periode, the gallbladder contracts, empetying the content into the duodenum CONTROL : fat and protein digestion product CCK gallbladder contraction vagal stimulation during cephalic and gastric phase
Bile acids : (primary bile acids) synthesized from cholesterol and converted form bile salt by the hepatocytes, and (secondary bile acids) formed by deconjugation and dehydroxylation of primary bile salt by intestinal bacteria.
Bile pigments : bilirubin and biliverdin (two principal bile pigments), formed from hemoglobin responsible for the golden yellowcolor of the bile Uroblin, metabolized from bilirubin by intestinal bacteria. Responsible for the brown color of the stool If Bilirubin is not secretet by the liver, producyng jaundice.
(prymarily lecithisn) solubized by the bile salt micelles Cholesterol is important of bile, bicause it is one of the few ways in wich choleterol regulation electrolytes
and absoption of fat help to emulsify of the large fat particle aid to absorption of fat through the intestinal mucosal membrane Exretion of several important waste products from the blood (bilirubin) and ecsesses of cholesterol
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
The
circulation of bile salt from the liver to the small intestine and back again. Necessary, bicause limited poll of bile salt to help breakdown and absorption fats 90% - 95% absorbed only in the terminal ileum
CILINICAL IMPLICATION
Any condition that disrupts enterohepatic circulation (ileal resection or small intestinal diseases : sprue or Crohns diease) leads to malabsorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins. The clinical manivestation : steathorrea and nutritional defisiency. Incrases in fecal losses of bile salt results watery diarrhea, bile salt inhibit water and Na absorption
BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
Formation of bilirubin is yellowish pigment formed as an end product of hemoglobin catabolism. Jaundice is yellowing of the skin duo to the accumulation of bilirubin within the tissues, may result from : excess production of bilirubin, or obstruction of the bile ducts or the liver cells preventing the secretion of bilirubin.
DESTRUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS (HEMOLITIC JAUNDICE) OBSTRUCTION OF THE BILE DUCT OR DAMAGE TO THE LIVER SELLS (OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE)