SIGNAL TRANSMISSION AND CHANNEL BANDWIDTH

Picture amplitude modulated Sound frequency modulated Channel bandwidth determined by the highest video frequency required for proper picture reception and the maximum sound carrier frequency deviation permitted in a TV system Need for modulation - antenna size

- interference - poor radiation at low frequency

Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation the intelligence to be conveyed is

used to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave. ec = Ec cos ct is the carrier wave and em = Em cos mt is the modulating signal. The equation of the modulated wave is :e = A cos ct where A = (Ec + kEm cos mt) when k is a constant of the modulator. On substituting the value of A we get : e = (Ec + kEm cos mt) cos ct = Ec (1 + m cos mt) cos ct where m = kEm/Ec is the modulation index At kEm = Ec , m = 1 and the corresponding depth of modulation is then termed as 100%.

If the modulating signal consists of more than a single frequency, as it would be for a video signal, the equation can be extended to include the sum and difference of the carrier and all frequency components of the modulating signal.

Therefore if the modulated wave is to be transmitted without distortion by this method, the transmission channel must be atleast of width 2fm centred on fc.

Channel Bandwidth
Frequency components present in the video signal extends from 0 to

5 MHz Therefore Bandwidth required = 2 5MHz = 10MHz Attenuation slope of 0.5MHz is provided at the edge of the two side bands (i.e. 2 0.5MHz = 1MHz) Each channel has its associated FM sound signal whose carrier frequency located at 5.5MHz (in the upper limit) A small guard band of 0.25MHz for each channel So total Channel Bandwidth = 10 + 1 + 0.25 = 11.25MHz

Channel Bandwidth

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Such a bandwidth is too large - limits the number of channels in a given high frequency spectrum Two side bands are identical - only one is necessary thus saving 5MHz per channel - SSB Carrier conveys no information - but its presence is necessary at the receiver for recovering the modulating frequency fm from the USB or from LSB. Therefore it is transmitted Thus results in simpler transmitting equipment Only needs an inexpensive diode detector at the receiver for demodulation In Television transmission we use VSB - Vestigial Side Band transmission

Vestigial Side Band Transmission

In the video signal, very low frequency modulating components exist along with rest of the signal These components give rise to sidebands very close to the carrier frequency difficult to remove by physically realizable filters Again the low video frequencies contain the most important information of the picture Complete suppression of the lower sideband would result in phase distortion at these frequencies Therefore we cannot fully suppress one complete sideband As a compromise only a part of the LSB is suppressed Radiated signal consist of :

Full USB + Carrier + Vestige of the partially suppressed LSB

This pattern of transmission is known as

Vestigial Side Band Transmission or A5C transmission

Vestigial Side Band Transmission

Frequencies up to 0.75 MHz of the LSB are fully radiated
Attenuation slope of 0.5 MHz at either end

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FM sound signal occupies a frequency spectrum of about 75

KHz around the sound carrier Guard band of 0.25 MHz allowed on the sound carrier side for interchannel separation

Demerits of VSB

Frequency modulation

FM Channel Bandwidth

For a 625 line system, bandwidth requirement = 2(50+15) = 130KHz - close to the value calculated earlier

Television Signal standards

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Television Signal standards

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Television Signal standards

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Television Signal standards

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Television Signal standards

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Television Signal standards

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