MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AN INTRODUCTION

R. Ilangovan M.E., Executive Engineer, PWD,WRO Quality Control Division, Coimbatore e-mail: ilangeethan@yahoo.com

Basic Resources Needed

Water
Dams,wells

Energy-

Hydel,Coal,Thermal

Solar,Wind, Bio methenization

Need for our survival..

Water Food Shelter Income Protected water Safe food Safe Shelter Income

Reasonable..?

More in Short time..?

So we compromise in Quality of life

Recent Global & Local Environmental Threats

Cloud bursting in Utterkhand -2012 Thane cyclone in 2012 Tsunami in Japan during 2011 Forest fire in Russia, Indonesia Cloud bursting and flood in Kashmir Flood in PAK & CHINA Volcano in EUROPE Earth quake in CHINA Heavy flood in various states Collision of Ships at Mumbai Verdict on BHOPAL Gas tragedy case 127 waste containers in Chennai port 180 goats died at Annur Flood disaster in Nilgris Restoration of Orathupalayam dam Dumping of MSW in water bodies

Some Actions against food poison

DEVELPOMENT VS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Sardar Sarover dam across Narmada River

NILGRIS -DISASTER

Impacts of Bhopal gas Tragedy

What happens during development?

Taking more sand from river

Chang of land use pattern.

Exploiting surface and ground water Destroying forest for various purposes Wasting our resources Pollution and environmental degradation and lead to unsustainable life.

REACTIVE APPROACH

SAND MINING & LOWER OF RIVER BED LEVEL

General contents
a. b. c. d. e. f. Introduction What is solid wastes? Present Management Impacts of Mismanagement Need of scientific method Steps involved in MSWM

TYPES OF DEVELPOMENT
Engineers, Scientists, Technocrats, govts, private sectors and all people do the development activities for the..

Economical Technical
Social

DEVELOPMENTS
Man had crossed the years with the Development activities for his uplift .

Development

Water played a vital role in the path.

Multi Purpose Reservoir

Thirst and need made thousands of Inventions which made life easy
Space Technology

Air

Flora, Fauna & Human Resources

Water

Natural Resources

Land

Resources
Land-Flora & Fauna Bio mass Water Climate Minerals Human being

Flora & Fauna

Forest & Water

Habitat

Habitat

Habitat

CO2 AND CLIMATE CHANGE

RESOURCES DEPLETION
Reduction in forest area. Decrease in Ground water level More sand mining in rivers Extinction of species

Increase of Water pollution

Reduction of Agricultural lands

Increase of Environmental Issues & lead to Unsustainable life

Waste Management

Waste Management

Human Rights

Human Rights

a.Urbanization is inevitable b.At present 30% in Urban area c. In Tamil Nadu crossed 48.58% in urban area d.Urbanization produce more SW e. Industrialization also.. f. Population increase.

 Taking more sand from river- Reduces GW percolation

Changing land use pattern.-Reduces food productivity Exploiting surface and ground water- Increases water scarcity

What happens during development?

Destroying forest for various purposes- Reduces our wealth

Wasting our resources- Make discomfort Development generates Solid, Liquid and Gaseous wastes Pollution and environmental degradation and lead to unsustainable life.

What is solid wastes?

Definition of Solid wastes

The unused condition of used products in solid stage or semisolid stage are called as solid wastes. A collective term of rubbish, garbage, debris and trash Merriam Webster defines waste as refuse from places of animal or human habitation The world bank dictionary defines that waste as USELESS OR WORTHLESS MATERIAL:STUFF TO BE THROWN AWAY

Debriss dumped near the banks of Tanks

Sludge Drying Beds

Sludge Dewatering in open land

Sludge Drying Beds & Open Land Stack Method

Sludge Drying Beds & Open Land Stack Method

Common Scenario The sight of a dustbin overflowing and the stench rising from it, the all too familiar sights and smells of a crowded city.

Avoiding Common bins

Common Scenario
You look away from it and hold your nose as you cross it. Have you ever thought that you also have a role to play in the creation of this stench?

Our Intervention..
That we can also play a role in the lessening of this smell and making this waste bin look a little more attractive if we follow proper methods of disposal of the waste generated in the house?

Types of Solid Wastes

Wastes generation locations Housing sector Hospitals Markets and shops Government office premises Road sides Public places Industrial area Bus stands

Types of Wastes Decomposable Non Decomposable Toxic Chemical mixed Heavy metals Plastics Agriculture wastes

Types of Wastes. Daily wastes Festival wastes Weekly wastes Once in a month Unknown wastes

Wastes Generation by new culture

Present Management

Present Waste Management Firing at road side Dumping in low lying area Dumping near adjacent village Bio composting Recycle and reuse Land filling Bio gas production

Firing

Firing

Firing

Impacts of Mismanagement

Impacts
Pollutes water bodies Pollutes land surface Pollutes Ground Water Creates more diseases Affect our Environment Damages to our resources Blocks the drain & flooding occur Affects human life

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Global problems

Global warming. Ozone layer destruction. Climate change. Local problems Water pollution Land degradation (deforestation) Exposure to Chemicals

Habitat

Habitat

Habitat

Dumping of solid wastes

Animal Rights

Human Rights

VALANKULAM WITH WATER HYACINTH

VALANKULAM, COIMBATORE WITH SOLID WASTES

VALANKULAM, COIMBATORE WITH SOLID WASTES

Dumping of Debris in Ponds

Water Scarcity

New diseases

neha;fs; gut[fpd;wd

neha;fs; gut[fpd;wd

New diseases

IMPACTS OF ENDOSULPHON

IMPACTS OF ENDOSULPHON

HEALTH ISSUES Heart attack Kidney failures Cancer Infertility Physically challenged children's Eye sight problems

Need of scientific method

Need of Scientific method

To preserve the water bodies To protect the land surface To conserve the Ground Water To reduce the diseases To improve our Environment To restore our resources To sustain the food production To make healthy generations..

What is Environment?
Environment includes water, air, land and

inter connection (or) inter relationship which

exists among and between water, air, land and human beings other living creatures plants, micro-organisms and property. So environment has also been considered the total sum of all the factors that affect on organism.

TOOLS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT

Change of Mind Set Eco System Approach Integrated Approach River Basin Approach Life Cycle Approach Sustainable Approach Cleaner Production Approaches Resources Conservation Approaches

Fundamentals of Ecosystem

Green Plants

Photosynthesis

Primary Producers ( Plants )

Consumers ( Man, Elephant, Cat, Birds )

Decomposers ( Fungi / Bacteria )

Flood

REACTIVE APPROACH

Steps involved in MSWM

Overview of the Sound Practices Section

Waste reduction, Collection and transfer, Composting, Reuse and Recycle, Incineration, Landfills, and Special wastes.

Waste reduction Waste reduction at source Home Composting

Collection & Transfer Door to door collection Market collection Street sweeping

Composting
Bio Composting Vermi composting

Reuse and Recycle

Reuse-Direct use Recycle-Conversion

Incineration
Hazardous wastes Toxic wastes

Landfill
Un scientific method Scientific method

Composting
Bio Composting Vermi composting

The place in front of the house of M B Nirmal

Compostable Waste Organic / Wet / Natural Transfer to Green Basket

Recyclable Waste Inorganic / Dry / Manmade Transfer to Red Basket

Every drop of rain water can be saved

Waste is not waste until wasted

Sewage can be treated bacterially and converted as Garden Water

Dont water drinking water for gardening

Sewage Bacterial Treatment

Have two sets of pots & keep rotating them once in three days between your terrace and inside the home

40 Vegetable plants grown in a place where normally only 1 plant can be grown Pipes / bamboo filled with soil and manure Holes drilled and seedlings inserted from outside

 20 Vegetable plants grown in a place where normally only 1 plant can be grown

5 pots stacked one on top of another Set of 4 holes drilled on the shoulder of each pot and seedlings inserted in the holes.

Top of Home Papaya,

Drum Stick, Curry Leaves

Plants grown in Gunny Bags

Gate Garden Incredible. The gate itself becoming a shelf cum door & holding plants

Background conditions that affect sound practices Level of development of a Society Economic development, including relative cost of capital, labour, and other resources; Technological development; and Human resource development, in the MSW field and in the society as a whole.

Natural conditions
physical conditions, such as topography, soil characteristics, and type and proximity of bodies of water; climate temperature, rainfall, propensity for thermal inversions, and winds; and specific environmental sensitivities of a region. Conditions primarily affected by human activities waste characteristics density, moisture content, combustibility, recyclability, and inclusion of hazardous waste in MSW; and city characteristics size, population density, and infrastructure development

Social and political considerations

Degree to which decisions are constrained by political considerations, and the nature of those constraints

Degree of importance assigned to community involvement (including that of women and the poor) in carrying out MSWM activities; and
Social and cultural practices.

The need for planning

Untreated waste builds up and the problems get worse Spending money on an ineffective technology shifts the burden of cleanup efforts to future generations Pollutes the resources

Key concepts in municipal waste reduction

Waste reduction Source reduction Source separation Waste recovery, materials recovery, or waste diversion Reuse: Recycling Redemption center Producer responsibility

CATEGORIES OF WASTES
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable (Wet and Dry) Wet wastes are basically organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits etc. Dry wastes are taken as paper, glass, plastics, metal, discarded medicines

Recyclable are paper, glass, metals, plastics Toxic waste are old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

SORTING- NAMAKAL EXPERIENCE Green for easily biodegradable organics ( say fit for vermi composting) Blue for non-biodegradables (glass, ceramics) Orange for recyclable materials (paper, cartons, plastics) Red for hazardous material ( household hazardous such as mosquito mats, batteries etc.) Brown for metallic material

OBJECTIVES OF SORTING
To separately store recyclable materials for reuse To process waste for recovery of material / energy through composting, incineration etc. To separate hazardous wastes To minimise waste so that landfill space is reduced

SOME HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS IN MSW

Household cleaners Abrasive scouring powders Aerosols Shoe polish Toilet bowl cleaner Personnel Care Products Shampoos Rubbing alcohol Paint Products Paints, solvents and thinners Misc products Car batteries Household cleaners Corrosive Flammable Flammable Corrosive
Poison Poison

Flammable
Corrosive

STAGES OF SORTING
Household level Municipal bin Transfer station Waste processing station Landfill site

Principles for selection of collection vehicles

Select vehicles which use the minimum amount of energy and technical complexity necessary to collect the targeted materials efficiently Choose locally made equipment, traditional vehicle design, and local expertise whenever possible Select equipment that can be locally serviced and repaired, and for which parts are available locally. Choose muscle- and animal-powered or light mechanical vehicles in crowded or hilly areas or informal settlements in developing countries. Choose non-compactor trucks, wagons, dump trucks, or vans where population is dispersed, or waste is already dense

Street sweeping systems

Litter baskets. Manual systems. Mechanical systems. Sweeper health and safety. Routes. Frequency Sweeping service areas. Public markets. Financing

Collection accounts for 50-70% of a MSW budget!

SWEEPING EQUIPMENT

Long Handle Broom

Waste Collection Plate and Metal Plate

BINS FOR STORAGE

Bins

BIN FOR HAND CART AND TRICYCLE

30 Liter capacity
Handling wt -25 kg Polyethylene

GREEN COLOUR

ROAD SIDE AND PUBLIC PLACE LITTER BIN

MODIFIED BICYCLES

Suitable for difficult terrain with Katcha road

HAND CART WITH 6 BUCKETS

8 bins of 30 litre capacity each

8 BUCKET TRICYCLE

WASTE COLLECTION AND SORTING AT NAMAKKAL, TAMIL NADU

AUTORICKSHAWS

Driver + 1 person Payload 600 kg Suitable for narrow lanes 9 BHP Reverse gear AUTO TIPPER

AUTO TIPPER WEIGHED BEFORE DUMPING

AUTO TIPPER READY TO DUMP WASTES IN PIT OF TRANSFER STATION

DUMPING OF WASTE

DUMPER PLACER For storage of municipal wastes Flap type cover Available in capacities of 3000, 4500 and 7500 litres Handles payload of 1800 kg, 2700 kg and 4700 kg respectively

TWO BIN DUMPER PLACER IN ACTION

AUTOMATED COLLECTION

Transfer stations and transfer points

Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles and reloaded into larger vehicles (including in some instances barges or railroads) for transport to a disposal or processing site. Transfer stations represent sound practice when there is a need for vehicles servicing a collection route to travel a shorter distance, unload, and return quickly to their primary task of collecting the waste. Health and environmental considerations of transfer

VACUUM COLLECTION

COMPOSTING
What causes compost systems to fail Economic failure Failure to secure waste. Marketing failure. Technical failure Failure of mechanical pre-processing. High organic content is essential Failure of biological processes.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT MICROBES:

DEFINITION: Microorganisms are too small to be seen with the unaided human eye. Electron Microscopic View

Harmful and Beneficial Microbes:

Harmful microbes are caused human diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid etc,. Beneficial microbes are useful to plant and animal kingdom, as well as human being. These microbes are used for environmental cleaning purpose.

Critical lessons in sound composting practice

a. The material to be composted must be compostable in order to produce a marketable product: b. Mechanical pre-processing of mixed solid waste does not work well enough in most cases; therefore: c. Manual pre-processing of mixed waste does work on a small to medium scale for the highly compostable waste streams in developing countries, but also in very small projects in industrialized countries; therefore: d. The economic viability of composting depends on three factors; failure of any of the three can cause the system to fail: e. Technical viability depends on three factors: f. Bacterias central role in composting

Pre-processing
Pre-processing consists of three separate types of operations: separation or removal of oversize, noncompostable, or dangerous materials; size reduction, through chipping, grinding, or shredding, to create many small particles suitable to sustaining bacterial action; and blending and compounding, to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture content, or structure of the materials to be composted.

Windrow and active pile systems

the size of the windrows, which must be of sufficient mass to allow for heat build-up. The composition of the wastes and the climate are the two primary determinants of windrow size. the shape of the windrows, which is related to the type of aeration that is used and the type of equipment used to aerate; whether the windrows are open or covered, which depends on the climate and the moisture content of the waste; and the spacing of the windrows, which is dependent on the size of the site and type of equipment used.

Suitable for excavating material up to a depth of 3 m below ground level

LOADER WITH BACK-HOE

vermicomposting

VERMI COMPOSTING

Solid Waste Management

Bio Compost Distributed to Farmers

Drama at Kodaikanal on 11th March 2004

ustainable Agriculture inkage to wastes

Panchakavya invention by Dr. Kodumudi Natarajan M.B.B.S

Organic Farming Training

SUSTAINABLE Approach

Urban solid wastes to Organic farming

VERMI COMPOSTING

VERMI COMPOSTING

VERMI COMPOSTING

Sound marketing approaches

Marketing of compost Market development Elements of market development Government stimulation of the compost market Compost and land application standards Compost use in the public sector Compost as daily or final landfill cover

Government stimulation of the compost market.

Government action to stimulate the market has been significant and has included: Use of compost in public works projects, including some high-profile demonstration projects in parks and gardens; Giving compost away to garden centers and businesses; Specifying that government contractors use compost in government-funded construction projects; Requiring that nurseries supplying plantings to the government use compost; Supporting the price of compost, either for a short period or in cases where such support is justified based on an analysis of overall MSWM plans or requirements; Removing or modifying subsidies on chemical fertilizers that compete with compost; Providing technical assistance to composting facilities on quality control; and Providing free or low-cost testing of compost for its nutrient value or for suspected contaminants.

INTEGRATED APPROACH
The approach that has work plan of short term and long term with all interrelated disciplines to achieve a common goal is called as Integrated approach

Eg.

MSWM

Bio compost

Healthy products to people

Organic farming

Training

Bio-Compost usage in Crops

INCINERATION
Factors affecting technology choice MSW incineration can constitute a sound practice only in situations where most or all of the following conditions hold: Suitable landfill space is scarce, making incineration a cost-effective alternative; The necessary environmental controls are properly installed and maintained; The facility is properly sized and sited to fit well with other components of the MSWM system; The material to be burned is combustible and has sufficient energy content; and There are nearby energy markets.

Energy production Electricity production and use Steam production and use Cogeneration

Integration of incineration with other components of the MSWM system

Siting should consider distance from points of MSW generation, transfer, and disposal, as well as energy use. Sizing of facility should accommodate other MSW management options. Materials recovery and special waste separation should occur both before and after incineration. The effect of materials recovery and composting on energy content must be considered. Residual ash should be disposed of in properly designed landfills.

LANDFILLS
Key considerations in landfill planning Required capacity NIMBY Hydro-geology Cost Post-closure land use

Classification
This discussion groups landfills into three general categories Open dumps Controlled dumps Sanitary landfills

Sound practices for MSW landfills

Leachate management and environmental impact minimization Gas management and risk reduction Secure access and maintenance of gate records Compaction and daily cover Documented operating procedures, and worker training and safety programs Establishment and maintenance of good community relations Closure and post-closure planning

Planning
Siting Design Construction, operation, and environmental monitoring Closure and post-closure.

Siting
Siting can be one of the most difficult processes in the landfill process. The main considerations are: capacity public involvement in the siting process hydro-geology/cover material access proximity to airports

Siting guidelines related to hydrogeology

Do not site landfills: in wetlands or in an area with a high water table; in floodplains; in areas that are close to drinking water supplies; or along geological faults or areas which experience frequent seismic activity. Do site landfills: above clay soils; above igneous rock; and Unmanaged leachate is a serious problem at dumps throughout the world. The leachate from this dump in Accra flows directly into a canal. (credit: Raymond Asmani-Boateng) This uncontrolled dump is situated immediately next to Laguna Lake, in the Philippines, which planner are hoping to use as part of Manila's drinking water supply. (credit: Antonio Fernandez) where cover material is available nearby.

Items for consideration at the design stage

capacity public/private ownership/operation monitoring and control of leachate monitoring and control of landfill gas access and tipping area pre-processing and waste picker policy operations and safety manuals closure and post-closure plans community relations program

Closure/post-closure plans
Closure and post-closure plans are required in the permitting process of most sanitary landfills. Their essential elements are: plans for the sealing and application of final cover (including vegetation) to the site; plans for long-term leachate and gas management system monitoring; plans for long-term ground and surface water monitoring; financial assurance guarantees to the local or state government; and land use restrictions for the site

SPECIAL WASTES
Medical waste from hospitals, clinics, and laboratories Hazardous waste in the household waste stream (e.g., oilbased paints, paint thinners, wood preservatives, pesticides, household cleaners, used motor oil, antifreeze, batteries) Tires Used oils Wet batteries Construction and demolition debris Sewage sludge, septage, and slaughterhouse wastes Industrial waste

MUNICIPLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

FINAL DISPOSAL

A Closed Landfill

Providing Gas Drainage Liner using 200 mm thick Gravel

Providing Impermeable Clay Liner using 600 mm thick clay

Providing Non woven Geo-textiles Liner of 270 gsm

Providing Top Soil Liner using 300 mm thick natural soil for vegetation

Providing Storm Water Drain & Grass Doobing

Laying of Geo-synthetic Clay Liner (GCL) Completed

Laying & Joining of HDPE Liner Completed

Providing Brick Pitching to the side slopes Completed

Integrated Approach For Cleaner & Greener World

Simple Recycle and Eco friendly technologies

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Bricks

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Bricks

Kuthambakkam panchayat: Initiatives

Grass root level planning Vibrant gram sabha Community mobilization Livelihoods based on local resources Employment creation through panchayat activities Housing for all SHG formation

Network growth economy model: Nucleus village Surplus production Network village #5

Network village #1
Surplus production for outside consumption and buying services and products

Network village #2 Production for local consumption Network village #4 Network village #3
Network Village Economy - selfsustaining economy zone

Innovations:
Conventional system
5 h.p submersible pump

Energy efficient water pumping system

OHT
distribution

Consumes 300 % power in case of low water table!

Innovative system
h.p, single phase

h.p, single phase

OHT
distribution

Saves 60% on electricity!

Innovations:

Production of Cement stabilized compressed mud blocks

Innovations:

Utilization of granite waste in random rubble masonry construction

Innovations:

Ferrocement panels and joists

Innovations:

Use of mud blocks in house construction

Innovations:

Installation of latrine cum bathing units

Innovations:

Reinforced brick panels and pan tiles

Innovations:

RCC filler slab roofing

Innovations:

CFL based Energy efficient lamps

Livelihood initiatives:

Thoor Dhal unit

Livelihood initiatives:

Bathing soap

Livelihood initiatives:

Groundnut processing

Livelihood initiatives:

Cooking oil

Livelihood initiatives:

Metal pressing unit

Livelihood initiatives:

Jute bags and tailoring unit

Innovations:

Solar power for street lights and panchayat office

Livelihood initiatives:

Energy efficient lamps

Eco friendly Approach

Anna Azzare in Raleagan Siddhi

SUSTAINABLE Approach

Anna Azzare Rain water Harvesting plan in Raleagan Siddhi

Why Green Actions ?

Green Habits

Green Consumerism
Green Building Green Thinking Green Clubs Green wishes Green Manufacturing

Green Customs Green Education

Awareness with Mass attraction persons

Owner of two philosophies

1.Peace 2.Rural Base system

The Triple Circles

Economic
Sustainable Incomes Subsidies Efficiency Sustainable Growth Investment Prioritization Political Cooperation

Environmental
Pollution prevention Water Productivity Groundwater mgmt Energy efficiency Catchment management Reduction in Siltation Sustainable agriculture Floods/Droughts control

Social

Poverty Alleviation Livelihoods/Equity Access to clean water Environmental Health Gender/Tribals Resettlement/Migration

To continue Todays Happiness

and Tomorrows Happiness

Let us protect oue resources for the Sake of All Living beings

Thanking you