The Nervous System

Lecture 4

In the Beginning .
Germinal layers:
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Skin and Brain

Connective Tissues
Inner Tubes

Neural Ectoderm
The Neural Plate
Neural Tube and Neural Crest

Neural Plate (~day 16)

Neural Groove and Folds

Neural Crests

Sinking into the Mesoderm

Neurulation!
Neural Crest

The Neural Tube Development

Prosencephalon Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Spinal Portion

The Neural Tube Development

Telencephalon - Lateral Ventricles
Diencephalon - Third Ventricle Mesencephalon - Cerebral Aqueduct Metencephalon - Fourth Ventricle Mylencephalon - Fourth Ventricle and Central Canal Spinal Portion - Central Canal

The Neural Axis

Superior Dorsal
P o s t e r i o r

R o s t r a l

A n t e r i o r

Ventral

Inferior Caudal

Dorsal

Lateral Lobes
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Limbic Insular

Brain, Brainstem, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Cerebral Hemispheres Deep Cerebral Nuclei Diencephalon

Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Pons (Metencephalon) Medulla (Myelencephalon) Cerebellum

Cerebrum Gyrus Third Ventricle Lateral Ventricle

Sulci

Central Sulcus
Parietal Lobe Corpus Callosum Choroid Plexus Occipital Lobe Thalamus Pineal Gland Mid Brain

Frontal Lobe Inter mediate Mass of the Thalamus

Hypothalamus Optic Chiasma Pituitary Gland

Temporal Lobe Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Mid Brain
Cerebellum Fourth Ventricle Choroid Plexus Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

Cerebral Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
Grey Matter White matter Corpus Callosum

Deep Cerebral Nuclei

Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus Claustrum Internal Capsule

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Principle Brain Arteries

Key Blood Vessels That Supply Blood To The Brain:

Vertebral Arteries --------- transfer oxygenated blood from the subclavian arteries, up through the transverse foraminae of the cervical vertebrae and to the basilar artery of the brain. Basilar Artery -------------- transfers oxygenated blood from the vertebral arteries to the circle of Willis of the brain.

Brain Blood Vessels Continued

Internal Carotid Arteries -- transfer oxygenated blood from the common carotid arteries of the neck to the circle of Willis. Circle of Willis ------------- transfers oxygenated blood from incoming arteries to deep internal arteries of the brain.

The Blood Brain Barrier

A special arrangement of capillaries surrounded by connective tissue and processes of special brain glial cells called astrocytes. This type of structural organization selectively determines which substances can move from the blood plasma to the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the brain.