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Copyright 2007,
Completions Type
Fracpack
Completion Type
External Gravelpack
Chemical Consolidation
Internal Gravelpack
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Sandstone Reservoir
mineral grain
Quartz, SiO2
natural cementing
CaCO3
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As fluids flow through a porous material, drag forces are created along the path of flow. Depending on the degree of natural intergranular cementation, compaction, intergranular friction, and cohesion of particles making up the porous material, flowing fluid may carry with it considerable quantities of loose and friable sand grains.
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Sand Production
Once the destabilizing forces overcome the formation strength, the rock will fail.
Sand production will follow if sand can be transported.
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Fines solids with 44 microns Fines are most probably produced in every well.
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PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS
Erosion damage of surface and subsurface production equipment (eg.Casing/liner failures) Plugging of well and surface production facilities
Sand Disposal
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OIL
OIL RATE
SAND
TOLERABLE FINES
0
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Decline of reservoir presssure (increase of overburden pressure) Cementing Material, Degree of Consolidation Fluid Viscosity, Production Velocity, Drag Forces Increasing water production (destroys intergranular cementing material) Formation damage (increases drawdown)
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Time Dependence
decreasing reservoir pressure increases the effective stress on the grains (overburden is constant)
Fluid Flow
fluid velocity and viscosity contributes to the pressure drop near the wellbore (drag force) production induces stress on the formation sand induced stress > formation stress sand production
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Geological Factors
tertiary age reservoirs, usually shallow depths unconsolidated
' - P
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Water production may dissolve natural cementing materials weakening the intergranular bonds; Water production may mobilize fines resulting in plugging of the pore structure.
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1. 2.
Reduce producing oil and gas rates below the critical rate for sand production. Prevent sand production mechanically by screen or gravel pack.
3.
4.
Chemically consolidate the formation sand near the wellbore using resinous material.
Inject resin-coated gravel into the perforations to pack and stabilize the perforations.
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Pr
INFLOW BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
OUTFLOW (CONTROLLED)
CRITICAL DRAW-DOWN
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Screnless
With Screen
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Resin-Coated Gravel
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* - mark of Schlumberger
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SAND
GRAVEL GRAVEL
SAND
THE WHOLE IDEA BEHIND GRAVEL PACKING IS THAT THE GRAVEL MAY BE SIZED TO EFFECTIVELY RETAIN THE FORMATION SAND AND THE SCREEN MAY BE SIZED TO RETAIN THE GRAVEL
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PERMEABILITY REDUCTION AS A FUNCTION OF RATIO OF GRAVEL SIZE TO FORMATION GRAIN SIZE (After Saucier)
1.0
RULE OF THUMB
dG50(optimum) = 5 or 6dR50
10
12
14
16
18
20
dG50/dR50
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Gravel Pack
Sand - Gravel - Screen
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40
30
20
10
0 0.01
0.001 0.0001
DG50(optimum) = 5DR50
DG50(optimum) = 5DR50
DGmin
DR50 DG50
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
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FOR SCREEN LINER IN OPEN HOLE DLINER SLOT = 2xDR10 FOR NONUNIFORM SAND AND = DR10 FOR UNIFORM SAND
3. CLEANING AND WASHING THE PERFORATIONS TO REMOVE DEBRIS FROM THE PERFORATIONS.
4. EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT AND PLACEMENT OF THE GRAVEL IN THE PERFORATIONS. 5. PRESSURIZING AND SQUEEZING GRAVEL IN THE PERFORATIONS. 6. MAINTAINING CLEAN WELLBORE FLUIDS THROUGHOUT THE GRAVEL PACKING OPERATION.
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By convention, 20-40 mesh commercial gravel passes through a 20 mesh sieve and is retained by a 40 mesh sieve
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1. RUBBER-SLEEVES CORES 2. CONVENTIONAL CORES 3. SIDEWALL CORES 4. PRODUCED SAND FROM THE SEPARATOR OR SAND TRAP
Not recommended
5. SAND BAILERS
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Sampling
per layer
critical for gravel size determination
shale-shaker
representative, if collection is accurate
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Sample collection
size
% cumulative
size (log)
bail sample (high end) core sample bail sample (low end)
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(Washpipe raised)
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EXERCISE
Well X4 is to be gravel packed. A sidewall sample was available and a sieve analysis was made. Results of the analysis are shown in the following table:
_________________________________________________________________ U.S.sieve Grain Weight Cumulative Number diameter retained Weight weight (mesh) (in.) (gm) percent percent _________________________________________________________________ 8 0.0930 12 0.0661 16 0.0469 20 0.0331 30 0.0232 0.25 1.4 1.4 40 0.0165 50 0.0117 0.79 4.3 5.7 100 0.0059 2.81 15.4 21.1 140 0.0041 3.25 17.8 38.9 200 0.0029 4.10 22.5 61.4 270 0.0021 325 0.0017 4.52 24.8 86.2 Pan 2.52 13.8 100.0 Totals 18.24 _________________________________________________________________
solution
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Suggest gravel and screen for gravel pack design for the well.
, All rights reserved
First Selections
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Fluid may leak to the formation, may be circulate back to the surface or both.
When pumping slurry, gravel will be placed inside perforation tunnels and annular casingscreen.
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Fluid may leak to the formation, may be circulate back to the surface or both.
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Fluid may leak only to the formation. Fluid may travel through inside the screen. When pumping slurry, gravel will be placed inside perforation tunnels and annular casingscreen.
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Formation Analysis
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Fluids Compatibility
potential damage by fines migration (clays) formation cores are often unavailable
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Clay Chemistry
Montmorillonite
swelling clays sensitive to fluids with low NaCl content
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Clays
In Gravel Packing, potential clay problems merits serious consideration when clay content equals or exceeds 5%. As a prevention, a clay stabilizer should be add to the carrier fluid.
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HCl dissolves calcium scale and improves injectivity Fluoboric Acid - controls swelling and movement of clays and fines (dissolves most and stabilizes the remain) Maximum operational flexibility Increased leak-off rate during GP
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Filtration
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500 A (2.5 ppm) (A) Bay Water Filtered Through 2um Cotton Filer (B) Bay Water Through 5um Cotton Filter (C) Produced Water Untreated C (94 ppm) D (436 ppm) 10 (D) Bay Water Untreated
Permeability (md)
100
B (26 ppm)
50
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
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Sizing Criteria
Saucier Method: median grain for gravel is 5 or 6 times median grain size for sand formation (D50)g = 5 or 6 x (D50)f Coberly Method: uniform sands. Gravel too large to prevent fines.
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wash-pipe
screen
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Liners or Screens ?
Slotted Liners
low cost robust
small fluid area pressure loss across slots slots erosion primary control only
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52
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Matrix damage
Invasion of the matrix by treatment/completion fluids Potential for production loss
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Damage zone
Perforation Crushed Zone Potential for production loss Open Hole Filter Cake Potential for production loss
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Multi-zone treatment
0 5 10 15 20
12840
10
1 00
1 000
12840
Pressure (psi)
SP
12860
12860
ILD
12880
12880
12900
1 2 9 00
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0
16
14
12 10 8 6 4
Conc.
10 20 30 40 50 60
2 0
12920
12920
Time (minutes)
12940
12940
8000 7500
Temperature (Deg F)
Pressure (psi)
12960
12960
12980
12980
Temp. Lower Gauge BHP Upper and Lower Temp. Upper Gauge
13000
1 3 000
13020
1 3 02 0
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Multi-zone treatment
Benefits
Interval between zones 6 feet Single trip in hole Single pump stage Simple
Completions
Gravel Pack-Frac / Pack
15 jobs to date for PRISA 1 job with 3 zones (2 x MZ)
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0 1 0360
50
1 00
1 50
0. 1
10
1 00
10360
Well Pressure (p si)
30
Rate (bpm) Co nc (p pa)
1 0380
25 20 15 10 5 0 20 40 Time (min) 60
1 0400
1 0420
1 0440
1 0460
1 0480
1 0500
1 0520
Wet Sand 0
1 0540
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Multi-zones results
Complete Packs of All Zones Significant Completion Cost Savings Elimination of Kill Pills Better Production
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