Early Adulthood

Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-emotional Development

Describe & explain the development of this stage

Understand ourselves and others better

Predict our childrens/ students future

Modify our / their behavior

THE TRANSITION FROM ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD

How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?
-Bob Dylan

When did you become an adult?

When does an adolescent become an adult?

Youth

Youth is the term for transitional period between adolescence and adulthood that is a time of extended economic and personal temporariness (Kenniston, 1970).

Criteria for Becoming an Adult

When an individual first takes a more or less permanent, full-time job is the mostly recognized marker of entry into adulthood.

This usually happens when individuals finish school high school, college, or postgraduate studies.

Criteria for Becoming an Adult

Being an adult means accepting responsibility for the consequences of ones actions, deciding on ones own beliefs and values, and establishing a relationship with parents as an equal adult (Arnett, 1995).

THE FILIPINO GENIUS

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Physical status not only reaches its peak in early adulthood, it also begins to decline during this period.
Thus, an interest in health has increased among young adults, with special concerns about diet, weight, exercise, and addiction.

The Peak in Physical Performance

Most of us reach our peak in physical performance under the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. occurs not only for the
average young adult, but for outstanding athletes as well.

The Peak in Physical Performance

During early adulthood, we are also the healthiest. Few young adults have chronic health problems, and they have fewer colds and respiratory problems than when they were children.

The Peak in Physical Performance

Young adults know what it takes to prevent illness and promote health. Although they know what it takes to prevent illness and promote health, they dont fare very well when it comes to applying this information to themselves.

The Slowdown in Physical Performance In early adulthood, few individuals stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives.

What are the bad habits of young adults?

The Slowdown in Physical Performance

As young adults, many of us develop a pattern of not eating breakfast, not eating regular meals, and relying on snacks as our main food source during the day, eating excessively, smoking moderately or excessively, drinking moderately or excessively, failing to exercise, and getting by with only a few hours of sleep at night.

The Slowdown in Physical Performance

Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of 30. Sagging of chins and protruding abdomens may also begin to appear. Physical activity lessens.

The Slowdown in Physical Performance

Sensory systems show little change, but the lens of the eye loses some of its elasticity and becomes less able to change shape and focus on near objects.

Hearing peaks in adolescence, remains constant in the first part of early adulthood, and then begins to decline in the last part of early adulthood.

The Slowdown in Physical Performance

The negative effects of abusing ones body may not show up in the first part of early adulthood, but they probably will surface later in early adulthood or in middle adulthood.

Issues and Concerns

Issues and Concerns of Young Adults

Obesity, diet exercise, and addiction

Obesity and Dieting

Have you experienced looking at a mirror, then suddenly you felt depressed?

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems (WHO 2000).

Factors that trigger Weight Gain

Heredity

Set Point and BMR

Socio-Cultural Factors

Obesity
Heredity Some individuals do inherit a tendency to be overweight.

Obesity
Set Point
Set Point is the weight you maintain when you make no effort to gain or lose weight.

Fat is stored in adipose cells.

When people gain weight, their number of fat cells increases, and they might not be able to get rid of the new ones they have acquired.

Basal Metabolism Rate

BMR is the amount of energy an individual uses in a resting state.

BMR declines precipitously during adolescence and then more gradually gain weight over a period of many years.

Obesity
Socio-cultural factors The human gustatory system and taste preferences developed at a time when reliable sources of food were scarce.

Obesity
Socio-cultural factors
Due to greater availability of food (especially food high in fat),energy-saving devices, and declining physical activity. Obesity is six times more frequent among low-income women than among upper-income women, and more common among Americans than among Europeans and Asians.

Obesity and Its Costs

Type 2 diabetes hypertension cardiovascular disease some cancers obstructive sleep apnea osteoarthritis

Why and How?

DIET

Dieting
Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight (George, 2011).

Dieting
Researchers have found that programs that combine very-lowcalorie diets with intensive education and behavior modification produce good long-term results.

Harmful Effects: Weight variability and chronic disease outcomes Eating disorders

Exercise

We are underexercised as a nation. We look instead of play. We ride instead of walk. Our existence deprives us of the minimum of physical activity essential for healthy living.
~John F. Kennedy

Exercise

Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of enjoyment (Hu., F., Manson, et al.,2001).

Aerobic exercise is sustained exercise jogging, swimming, or cycling, for example that stimulates heart and lung activity. Preventing heart disease is the main effect of exercise on health.

Exercise

Exercise
Some health experts conclude that, regardless of other risk factors (smoking, high blood pressure, overweight, heredity), if you exercise enough to burn more than 2,000 calories a week, you can cut risk of heart attack.

Other benefits of exercise: physical and psychological gains boosts the immune system prevents diseases of affluence enjoyment and pleasure improves self concept reduces anxiety and depression

Health experts recommend that if you are unaccustomed to exercising, always start any exercise program slowly.

Diseases of affluence, such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity, is a term sometimes given to selected diseases and other health conditions which are commonly thought to be a result of increasing wealth in a society.

Stress
It is the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us (Hetherington, 1996). Stressors are circumstances and events that produce threats to our well being.

Consequences of Stress
Headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue, and even the common cold are stress-related illnesses (Cohen, 1993). In addition, the immune systemthe complex organs, glands, and cells that constitute our bodies natural line of defense in fighting diseasemay be damaged by stress. Stress may lead to psychomatic disorders medical problems caused by psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. For instance, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure may be produced by stress (Lepore&Evans, 1991). Coping- the effort to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.

Addiction

What are your guilty pleasures?

Addiction and Recovery

A psychoactive drug is any drug that acts on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods. Intake Tolerance Greater Intake

Addiction
Physical dependence is the physical need for a drug that is accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling of craving and perceived need for a drug.

Addiction
Physical dependence is the physical need for a drug that is accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling of craving and perceived need for a drug.

Addiction
Physical dependence is the physical need for a drug that is accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling of craving and perceived need for a drug.

Addiction and Recovery

Alcohol is the most widely abused psychoactive drug though concern about cocaine abused has heightened in recent years. Alcohol acts on the body primarily depressant and slows down the brains activities. People loosen up after one or two drinks because the areas in the brain involved in controlling inhibition and judgment slow down.

Skills (such as driving) and intellectual functioning become impaired as more alcohol is consumed. Eventually the drinker become drowsy and falls sleep.

Each of these effects varies with how the persons body metabolizes alcohol, body weight, the amount of alcohol consumed, and whether the previous drinking has led tolerance (Rivers, 1994).

Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness. It has hereditary underpinnings but involves sociocultural factors.

Recovery
Recovery from an addiction is extremely difficult. Some type of therapy or ongoing self-help group is almost always needed for recovery.

SEXUAL and REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES

Sex is

Sexuality
1994 Sex in America Survey Americans tend to fall into one of three categories: one third have sex twice a week or more, onethird a few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at all. Married couples have sex the most often and also are the most likely to have orgasms. Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts. Men think about sex far more than women do.

Homosexual Attitudes and Behavior

Homosexuality is romantic or sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex (APA).

Homosexual Attitudes and Behavior

Are people exclusively homosexual/heterosexual? Why are some individuals homosexual and others heterosexual? What are the factors that influence sexual orientation? genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environment Is it mental illness or disorder? Can sexual orientation be influenced during the prenatal stage? How can gays and lesbians adapt to a world in which they are minority?

AIDS

AIDS
AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following exposure to HIV, an individual is vulnerable to germs that a normal immune system could destroy.

AIDS
AIDS can be transmitted only by sexual contact, the sharing of needles, contaminated blood transfusions or other contact with an infected persons blood, semen, or vaginal fluids through cuts in the skin or mucous membrane (Kalichman, 1995).

AIDS
AIDS cases in US used to occur among homosexual males and intravenous drug users, but researchers have reported increased infection among females who are sexual partners of bisexual males or intravenous drug users.

This increase suggests the risk of AIDS might be increasing among heterosexuals who have multiple partners (Docini & others).

AIDS
Anyone who is sexually active or takes drugs intravenously is at risk. No one is immune. Once an individual is infected, the prognosis is likely illness or death.

AIDS
The only safe sexual behavior is abstinence from sex, which is not perceived as an option by most individuals. Sex that does not involve the exchange of semen, vaginal fluids, or blood ,use of condoms during sexual intercourse and all other forms of penetration (Jones, 1996)

AIDS
Just asking a date about his or her sexual behavior does not guarantee protection from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (Szapocznik, 1995).

AIDS
First Stage HIV+ and asymptomatic individuals do not show the characteristics of AIDS but can transmit the disease. It is estimated that 20 to 30 percent of those in stage 1 will develop AIDS in 5 years.

AIDS
Second Stage HIV+ and symptomatic individuals develop symptoms, including swelling of the lymph glands, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, fever, and sweats.

AIDS
Final Stage A person with AIDS has the symptoms of AIDS plus one or more diseases, such a pneumonia, which are fatal to AIDS patients because of their vulnerable immune systems.

AIDS
There is no cure for AIDS [period]

Sexual Knowledge
Young adults have inadequate sexual knowledge. We are undaunted with sexual messages, not sexual facts (Reinisch, 1990). Sexual information is abundant, but much of it is misinformation (Haffner, 1993).

Sexual Knowledge
One of the most difficult aspects of developing our sexual identity is the lack of opportunity to define our values for ourselves.

One opportunity for individuals to openly explore their sexuality in the context of diverse others is in classes designed specifically for a sex education.

Menstrual Cycle
From adolescence until some point in middle adulthood, a womans body undergoes marked changes in hormone levels that are associated with the menstrual cycle. The latter part of the menstrual cycle, from about day 22 on, is associated with a greater incidence of depression, anxiety, and irritability than is the middle of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is occurring.

Menstrual Cycle
What causes the changes in the mood that affect 75 percent of all women? Hormonal changes are clearly one factor. Female hormones reach their peak at about day 22 to day 24 of the menstrual cycle, just at the time when depression and irritability peak.

By contrast, mood changes could affect hormone levels. If so, intense feelings of irritability and depression may feed back to the endocrine system and produce more estrogen.

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Rape is forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent.
Feminist writers believe that males are socialized to be sexually aggressive, to regard women as inferior beings, and to view their own pleasure as their most important goal.

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Characteristics of Rapists: 1. Rapists use aggression to enhance their sense of power or masculinity 2. Rapists are generally angry at women 3. Rapists almost always want to hurt their victims.

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Date Rape

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetuator is at least casually acquainted.

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Rape is a traumatic experience for the victim and those close to her (Halonen & Santrock, 1996).

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Rape victims behaviors:
Most initially feel shock and numbness and often is acutely disorganized. Some women show their distress through words and tears; others show more internalized suffering. They may experience fear, depression and anxiety. Sexual dysfunctions Many rape victims make changes in their lifestyles. Suicide attempts

Forcible Sexual Behavior

Although most victims or rape are women, rape of males does occur. Men in prisons are usually vulnerable to rape, usually by heterosexuals who are using rape to establish their domination and power within the prison.

Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors (Palludi, 1991). Women encounter sexual harassment in many different formsfrom sexist remarks and covert physical contact (patting, brushing against their bodies) to blatant propositions and sexual assaults.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Do people continue to develop cognitively in adulthood, or are they as smart as they ever will be by the end of adolescence?

Do people continue to develop their creativity skills in adulthood, or are they as creative as they ever will be in childhood and adolescence?

Formal Operational
Piaget believed that an adolescent and an adult think in the same way. But some developmentalists believe it is not until adulthood that individuals consolidate their formal operational thinking.

Cognitive Stages
Accdg. to other developmentalists, the absolute nature of adolescent logic and youths buoyant optimism diminish in early adulthood.

Cognitive activities of adult are too concrete, logical, and pragmatic (Labouvie-Vief, 1986).

She asserts that thinking based solely on formal operations alone is insufficient to meet the demands place on young adults. The complexity of society, which requires specialization, and the increasing challenge of finding ones way through all that complexity require thought that is not necessarily based on logic alone, but on practical experience, moral judgments, and values.

Postformal thought
It is the higher stage of adult cognition. It is relativistic. It enables adults to transcend a single logical system and reconcile or choose among conflicting ideas or demands, each of which, from its own perspective, may have a valid claim to truth.

Multiple Thinking
Adolescents often view the world in terms of polaritiesright/wrong, we/they, or good/bad. As youth mature and move into the adult years, they gradually become aware of the diversity of opinion and the multiple perspectives (Perry, 1970).

Multiple Thinking
In full relativism, adults completely comprehend that truth is relative, that the meaning of an event is related to the context in which the event occurs (Perry, 1970).

Achieving and Responsibility Stage

Adults do progress beyond adolescents use of intellect. We typically switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge, using what we know to pursue goals such as careers and families (Schaie, 1977).

Achieving and Responsibility Stage The achieving stage involves the application of intelligence to situations that have profound consequences for achieving long-term goals, such as those involving careers and knowledge. (Schaie, 1977)

Achieving and Responsibility Stage

The responsibility stage occurs when a family is established and attention is given to the needs of a spouse and offspring (Schaie, 1977).

The Cognitive Stages

Labouvie- Perry / Sinnott Schaie Vief Adolescence Formal Formal Dualistic Formal Operations Operations Thinking Operations; Acquisitive Early Pragmatic Multiple Achieving Adulthood Stage Thinking Stage Full Relativism Middle Responsibility Adulthood and executive Stage Late Adulthood Piaget

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Reintegrative Stage

Emotional Intelligence
In the 1960s, the U.S. State Department asked the psychologist David McClelland to find a better way of selecting foreign service officers. The findings showed that characteristics that set top performaers apart had nothing to do with cognitive abilities but social networks. In 1990, Peter Salovey and John Mayer coined the term emotional intelligence. It refers to the ability to recognize and deal with ones own feelings and the feelings of others. Daniel Goleman (1995) popularized the concept and expanded it to include such qualities as optimism, conscientiousness, motivation, empathy, and social competence.

Creativity

Theres no evidence that creativity declines in early adulthood. Adult development vary from one discipline to another.

Career

Career is

Career Development

Ginzbergs Developmental Theory

Fantasy Stage Tentative Stage Realistic Stage

Supers Self-Concept Theory

Crystallization
Specification

Implementation
Stabilization Consolidation
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Hollands Personality Type Theory

Realistic

Outdoors and working in manual activities Less social Investigative Ideas over people Indifferent to social relationships Artistic Creative orientation Ideas expressed in new ways

Blue-collar positions; Lowest prestige Technical jobs

Highest Scientific, education intellectually and prestige oriented professions

Artists (second/third typical career type)

Social

Working through and with other people Enterprising Dominate other people Conventional Skilled at working with details

People professions
Sales, management, politics Clerical work, bank tellers, secretaries

High prestige Fourth

Fifth

Work in Adulthood
Selection and Entry Adjustment

Women should not work.