Chapter 2

Linear Law
2.1 Lines of Best Fit
A. Drawing lines of best fit
Example 1
 V
4.0 3.96 – 1.08 = 2.88

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
Touch at y-axis

0 I
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
 B. Equations
Example
of lines of best fit
2
 y
28
26
24
22 Not a line of best fit cause
20 -Number of points above
18
16 and below line not balance
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
x
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
 y
28
Any 2 points on the line,
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
(6,16)
10
8
6
4
2

0
(0,4)
x y=mx+c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

From the graph, m = gradient

c = 4, 16 − 4 c = y - intercept
m=
6−0

=
12 y=mx+c
6 y=2x+4
=2
C. Determining the values of
variables

(a)From lines of best fit

(b) From the equations of
lines of best fit
 (a)From lines of best fit
Example 3

y=4.9

(a) y = 3
(b) y = 0.2
(c) x = 2.4

X=1.4
(b) From the equations of lines of best fit

Example 4
(b) From the equations of lines of best fit

Example 4

y=mx+c When m=-12.5 and (0.8, 9.0)

9 = -12.5(0.8) + c
16.5 − 9
m= 9 = -10 + c
0.2 − 0.8
19= c
7.5
=
− 0.6 y= m x+c
= −12.5
y = -12.5 x + 19
y = -12.5 x + 19
(i) y = -12.5 (0.7) + 19
= 10.25

(ii) 22 = -12.5 x + 19
12.5 x = 19 – 22 = -3
x = -0.24
 2.2
Applications of Linear Law
to Non-linear Relation
A. Reducing non-linear relations to the linear
form
B. Values of constants of non-linear relations
 6
log y = log 2 x
6 Y = log y
log y = log 2 + log x
log y = log 2 + 6 log x X = log x

log y = 6 log x + log 2 m=6

Y = m X + c c = log 2
 Exercise 2.2
1e
b
y =ax
b
log y = log a + log x
Y = log y
log y = log a + b log x
X = log x
log y = b log x + log a m=b
Y = m X + c c = log a
 Exercise 2.2
1e
xy =m
log x + log y = log m
Y = log y

log y = log m − log x

X = log x
log y = − log x + log m
m=-1
Y = m X + c
c = log m
 Exercise 2.2
1e a
y = x
b
x
log y = log a − log b
Y = log y
log y = log a − x log b
X= x
Y = m X + c
log y = −(log b) x + log a m = - log b
c = log a
(a)Given lines of best fit
Example 6
 Only unknown
so, each term ÷ b

By comparing,
From equation,
From graph, 1
x a m= =5
y = + 50 −35 b
b bx m= 1
X x
xx ax 4 −1 b=
xy = + 5
b bx =5
x2 a a
xy = + c = = 30
b b Y = mX + c b
1 2 a a =30b
xy = x + 35 = 5(1) + c
b b 1
Y = m X + c c = 30 = 30( )
5
m=
1
,c =
a =6
b b
 From equation, From graph, By comparing,

b 7 −3
y =ax + m= b=2
x 3 −1
y b
=a + 2 m =2 a=1
x x Y= m X + c
y 1
=b( 2 ) +a 3 = 2(1) + c
x x
c=1
Y = m X + c
m = b, c=a
 Y = m X + c
q 1
m= − c=
p p

From equation, From graph, By comparing,

px +qy =xy 0.85 −0.6 1 1
m= = 0 .2 =
px qy xy 0.3 −0.8 p 5
+ =
y y y
px m = 0.5 p=5
+q =x
÷ px
y Y= m X + c q
1 q x − = 0 .5
+ = p
y px px 0.6 = 0.5(0.8) + c q
1 q 1 1 − = 0.5
+ ( ) = c = 0.2 5
y p x p
1 q 1 1 q = − 2.5
=− ( ) +
y p x p
 h
v t v = +k t
t

From equation,
By comparing,

h t From graph,
v t = +k t t k = 2.2
t 8 52 −1 54
m=
4 −1
v t =h +kt h = -0.4
m = 2.2
v t =kt +h
Y= m X + c
4
Y = m X + c 1 = 2.2(1) +C
5

m = k, c=h c = - 0.4
 From equation, From graph, By comparing,
log y = log nx m 0.98 − 0.73 m = 0.36
m=
log y = log n + log x m 1 − 0.3
log y = log n + m log x m = 0.357 log n = 0.623
log y = m log x + log n m ≈ 0.36
n = 10 0.623
Y= m X + c
Y= m X + c
n = 4.198
gradient = m 0.98 = (0.357)(1) + c
Y − int ercept = log n c = 0.623
•From data
Example 7

k
y =h x +
x
k
y =h x +
x
(a)
k
y =h x +
x
× x

k x
y x =h x x+
x

y x =hx +k

Y =y x
X =x
gradient = h
Y-intercept = k
(b)
y x =hx +k Round off to 4 sf or 4 dp in the table.

x 1 2 3 4 5

y x 1 4.002 6.599 10.000 13.193

 Label on1 both

1 = 1 axes.
2.83 2 3.81 3 5 4 5.9 5
Point (2, 4.002) cannot be seem accurate on (2, 4).
4.002 must be a little bit above 4.
Mark “x” on every point when plotting the graph.
They should be clear and big enough for examining.
Use a long ruler which is luminous to construct a
smooth continuous straight line.
The intercept on the vertical axis (y-axis) must be shown.
Get the value of the gradient and the intercept from
the graph, and not from the table directly.
ax 2 +by 2 =x
 2 2
ax + by = x
÷x y 2
ax + b( ) = 1
x
2
y
b( ) = −ax +1
x
2
y2 a 1
÷b =− x +
x b b
Example 8