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Introduction
Nowadays safety and protective textile have become an
integral part in one or other form. Safety and protective textile refer to garment ant other fabric related items designed to protect the wearer from harsh environmental effects that may result in injury or death.
Textile used
Industrial textile is used to protect from one or more of
following : Extreme heat and fire . Harmful chemicals and gases . Bacterial environment . Electric hazards . Radiation .
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Thermal Protection
The fire hazard is the most pervasive, be it home, work
place or in the time of calamity. The most devastating are the result of fire hazard when a persons clothing ignites. Wearing fire resistant garment reduces the burn injury and increasing the chances of surviving the flash fire.
can be used continuously at temperature over 200 c without losing its major physical properties. Another is LOI which is used to rate the flammability of fibre. LOI is %age oxygen level that must be present in oxygen/nitrogen mixture of air before the fibre would ignite and burn when exposed to flame. Fibre with LOI in the mid 20s and above is considered flame resistant.
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Different Fibres
Aramid fibres ( Nomex) .
PBI ( Polybenzimidazole ) . Polyamide-imide ( Kermal ) .
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Aramid Fibres
Aramid fibres contains no flame retardant chamical i.e
phosphorus or halogen. Nomex has good thermal stability and dose not melt. Nomex especially suitable for firefighters. Protective garments made from Nomex are also quit comfortable. Aamid fibre garment can be laundered and dry cleaned without any loss of flame retardency.
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Polybenzimidazole
PBI does not burn in air.
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Kermal
Heat resistant and inherently non flammable fibres.
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atmospheric condition. In addition, its chemical resistance and ability to retain its physical properties under extremely adverse condition make it valuable for protective clothing.
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Polyacrylate fibres
It neither burns nor melts.
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Semicarbon fibres
These fibres are produced by partial carbonization of
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them fire resistant , for e.g : At the polymerization stage. By using some modifier. By surface modification .
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Protective Clothing
Firefighter protective clothing limit the dissipation of
Vapour barrier .
Inner liner .
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Design Features
Coat and jacket .
Collar .
Front closure . Coverall or pants .
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9185/BS373
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ASTM standard
ASTM F 270008, Standard Test Method for UnsteadyState Heat
Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating (NFPA 1971 Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test) ASTM F1939 08, Standard Test Method for Radiant Heat Resistance of Flame Resistant Clothing Materials with Continuous Heating ASTM F 1060 08, Test Method for Thermal Protective Performance for Protective Clothing for Hot Surface Contact ASTM 2701 08 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with a Hot Liquid Splash
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Chemical Protection
Protective clothing cannot be made generic for all chemical
applications, since chemicals vary in most cases and a particular CPC can protect only against a limited number of specific chemicals.
Important considerations in designing chemical protective
clothing are
The amount of chemical permeation. Breakthrough time for penetration. Liquid repellency. Physical properties of the CPC in specific chemical conditions.
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Routes of Exposure
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Requirements
Chemical Protective Clothing Should Resist : Permeation , Degradation, Penetration. Durability
Flexibility Temperature Resistance
Permeation
Permeation is the diffusion of a chemical on a
material may not be readily noticeable because it occurs on a molecular or microscopic level.
The time it takes the chemical to pass through the
protective material until it is first detected by an analytical instrument is called the breakthrough time.
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Degradation
The change in the physical properties of the material
most common observations of material degradation are Swelling, Loss of Strength or Deterioration.
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Penetration
Penetration is defined as `the flow of chemical
through closures, porous materials, seams, and pinholes and other imperfection in a protective clothing material on a non-molecular level.
This definition is intended to accommodate both
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Textile Materials
Ordinary textile materials are generally not considered suitable for protection
against chemicals, however special non-coated textile materials are used for a variety of applications involving particulates and light liquid spray from relatively non-hazardous chemicals. tightly woven, repellent-treated fabrics can provide some very low minimum protection against liquid exposure. performance against particles and repellency of liquids. (Tyvek) and (Kleenguard). spunbond/ meltbown/ spunbond
Though woven textiles are not often found in chemical protective clothing, very
More common are nonwoven fabrics that have demonstrated barrier Two predominant examples of non- woven fabrics are flashspun polyethylene
(SMS)
polypropylene
These textiles are used because of their relatively low cost and because the
materials provide a structure of microfibers that filter out dry particulates and many water-based liquids.
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yet strong; vaporpermeable, yet water- and chemical-resistant, as well as puncture-, tear- and abrasion-resistant.
Tyvek is formed by a fully integrated process using continuous
and very fine fibers of 100% high-density polyethylene that are randomly distributed and no directional. These fibers are first flash-spun, then laid as a web on a moving bed before being bonded together by heat and pressure - without the use of binders.
Extensive Temperature Range, Excellent Dimensional Stability: -
73C (132C).
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SMS Polypropylene
Breathable fabric multilayered laminate. The two outer spun bond layers are made of randomly deposited
15 20 micron diameter continuous polypropylene fibres which provide cloth-like comfort while also offering fabric strength, durability and abrasion resistance. comprised of 1-3 micron diameter polypropylene fibres.
The inner melt blown layer provides a filter barrier and is typically
permeable to both air and moisture vapour, meaning that both air and sweat vapour can pass through the garment to keep the skin cool and the wearer more comfortable in hot working environments.
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include
fabric substrate. The rubber material or plastic is thick enough to provide sufficient strength for clothing use.
Examples of polymers used in these materials are polyvinyl
liquids and can be used in the construction of CPC intended for protection against liquids and gases.
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Adsorbent-Based Materials
These materials include adsorbents, such as activated
or granular form is useful to purify both water and air. Activated carbon has particular affinity to organic materials such as solvents used in printing inks and common coatings.
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Carbon Tetra Chloride Adsorption % 75-85 Apparent Density gm/cc 0.42 - 0.47 Ash Content (Max) % max 2.5
outer shell made of polyester as it has low absorption of 2% and it provides a good strength to the fabric and polyester has a good resistance to lab grade chemicals.
The inner layer is made up of cotton fabric as it gives good
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based on embedding activated carbon using adhesives and polyurethane foam with a activated carbon load of 120 160 GSM.
These fabrics had low comfort properties of air
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Seams
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Closure Systems
Closures are typically the `weak' link in the chemical
use rubber or plastic coated tape instead of woven cloth on the sides of the zipper and that have a special chain (teeth) that are coated to limit liquid penetration.
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Garment Visors
Visors are generally incorporated into suits to offer chemical
barrier protection for the head and face area. In general, the visor is constructed from a material that provides clear undistorted vision as well as chemical resistance. chloride, polycarbonate, and polymethacrylate.
made of a composite material that includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) laminated to PVC.
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Level A
Level A should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, and
Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas. Work function involves a high potential for splash, immersion, or
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Level B
Self-contained breathing apparatus, Chemical protective clothing,
gloves, and hard hat. Should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protected is needed and some degree of skin protection is required.
The atmosphere contains less than 19.5% oxygen. Direct contact does not pose a severe skin hazard.
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Self-contained Breathing Apparatus, Chemical Protective Clothing, Gloves, And Hard Hat.
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Level C
Level C should be selected when types of airborne contaminants
are known, the concentrations are measured and the criteria for using air-purifying respirators (APRs) are met.
Level C protection is used when:
Criteria for the use of APRs are met.
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Air-purifying Respirator, Chemical Protective Clothing, Gloves, Boots, And Hard Hat.
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Level D
Level D should not be worn on any site with respiratory or skin
hazards.
Level D is primarily a work uniform providing minimal protection. Level D protection is worn when: Atmosphere contains no known hazards. Work functions precludes the potential for unexpected exposure to hazardous levels of any substances.
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ASTM F1186-03 ASTM F1001-99a ASTM F739-99a ASTM F1383-99a ASTM F1407-99a ASTM F1194-99 ASTM F903-03 ASTM F2053-00 ASTM F2130-01 EN 943-1:2002 EN 467:1995 EN374-3:1994 EN ISO 6529 ISO 6530 (1990) ISO 13994 (1998) ISO 17491(2002)
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