Sunteți pe pagina 1din 63

c

Introduction
Nowadays safety and protective textile have become an

integral part in one or other form. Safety and protective textile refer to garment ant other fabric related items designed to protect the wearer from harsh environmental effects that may result in injury or death.

Selection Of Protective Clothing Materials

Textile used
Industrial textile is used to protect from one or more of

following : Extreme heat and fire . Harmful chemicals and gases . Bacterial environment . Electric hazards . Radiation .
7

Thermal Protection
The fire hazard is the most pervasive, be it home, work

place or in the time of calamity. The most devastating are the result of fire hazard when a persons clothing ignites. Wearing fire resistant garment reduces the burn injury and increasing the chances of surviving the flash fire.

Measure for high temperature performance


A high temperature textile is define as a material that

can be used continuously at temperature over 200 c without losing its major physical properties. Another is LOI which is used to rate the flammability of fibre. LOI is %age oxygen level that must be present in oxygen/nitrogen mixture of air before the fibre would ignite and burn when exposed to flame. Fibre with LOI in the mid 20s and above is considered flame resistant.
9

Should Meet The Following Requirements


Flame resistance . Fabric integrity .

Good thermal insulation .


Oil repellency . Easy cleanibility . Wearer acceptance .

10

Flame Retardant Fibre

These fibres may be used solely or in blend form to arrive at

optimum performance and cost.


Chemically modified fibres and fabrics.

11

Different Fibres
Aramid fibres ( Nomex) .
PBI ( Polybenzimidazole ) . Polyamide-imide ( Kermal ) .

Polyimide fibres ( Lenzing P84 ) .


Phenolic fibre ( Kynol ) . Chlorofibres . Polyphenylene sulphide fibres i.e PPF Semicarbon fibres.

12

Aramid Fibres
Aramid fibres contains no flame retardant chamical i.e

phosphorus or halogen. Nomex has good thermal stability and dose not melt. Nomex especially suitable for firefighters. Protective garments made from Nomex are also quit comfortable. Aamid fibre garment can be laundered and dry cleaned without any loss of flame retardency.
13

Polybenzimidazole
PBI does not burn in air.

PBI fabrics remain stable and maintain integrity.


PBI retains its strength well when tested during

exposure at elevated temperature.

14

Kermal
Heat resistant and inherently non flammable fibres.

It is non melting and non shrinking organic fibre

which offer light weight and soft hand.


It is high price but high performance fibre

15

Polyphenylene Sulphide fibre


It is classified as non flammable . LOI is 34-35 .

It dose not support combustion under normal

atmospheric condition. In addition, its chemical resistance and ability to retain its physical properties under extremely adverse condition make it valuable for protective clothing.

16

Polyacrylate fibres
It neither burns nor melts.

It emits virtually no smoke or toxic gases.


LOI is 43 .

17

Semicarbon fibres
These fibres are produced by partial carbonization of

PAN fibres, for e.g Celiox and Panox .


Excellent heat resistance . Comfort to wear.

18

Chemically Modified Fibres And Fabric


Special treatment are given to fibre and fabric to make

them fire resistant , for e.g : At the polymerization stage. By using some modifier. By surface modification .
19

Protective Clothing
Firefighter protective clothing limit the dissipation of

body metabolic heat.


So protective garment has several layers : Outer shell .

Vapour barrier .
Inner liner .
20

Design Features
Coat and jacket .

Collar .
Front closure . Coverall or pants .

21

Effect Of Fabric Construction


In hot environment or direct flame ( 150-250 g/m )

For full installations (250-320 g/m )


For workshop (320-400 g/m ) Against molten metal (900 g/m )

22

Current ASTM Standards


TPP, NFPA 2000, (the former ASTM D 4108), ASTM F

2700-08, ISO 9151,


ISO 17492, CGSB ASTM F955 -07 : Molten Substances, ISO 9150, ISO

9185/BS373

23

ASTM standard
ASTM F 270008, Standard Test Method for UnsteadyState Heat

Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating (NFPA 1971 Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test) ASTM F1939 08, Standard Test Method for Radiant Heat Resistance of Flame Resistant Clothing Materials with Continuous Heating ASTM F 1060 08, Test Method for Thermal Protective Performance for Protective Clothing for Hot Surface Contact ASTM 2701 08 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact with a Hot Liquid Splash
24

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

25

Chemical Protection
Protective clothing cannot be made generic for all chemical

applications, since chemicals vary in most cases and a particular CPC can protect only against a limited number of specific chemicals.
Important considerations in designing chemical protective

clothing are
The amount of chemical permeation. Breakthrough time for penetration. Liquid repellency. Physical properties of the CPC in specific chemical conditions.
26

Chemical protective clothing can be categorized as

encapsulating or non-encapsulating based on the style of wearing the clothing.


CPC is rated for four levels of protection, levels A, B, C

and D from highest protection to normal protection.

27

Routes of Exposure

28

Requirements
Chemical Protective Clothing Should Resist : Permeation , Degradation, Penetration. Durability
Flexibility Temperature Resistance

Service Life Clean Ability


29

Permeation
Permeation is the diffusion of a chemical on a

molecular basis through chemical protective clothing.


This movement of the chemical through the protective

material may not be readily noticeable because it occurs on a molecular or microscopic level.
The time it takes the chemical to pass through the

protective material until it is first detected by an analytical instrument is called the breakthrough time.
30

31

Degradation
The change in the physical properties of the material

as a result of adverse effects of the chemical is called degradation.


Physical properties may include material weight,

dimensions, tensile strength, hardness.


The

most common observations of material degradation are Swelling, Loss of Strength or Deterioration.
32

33

Penetration
Penetration is defined as `the flow of chemical

through closures, porous materials, seams, and pinholes and other imperfection in a protective clothing material on a non-molecular level.
This definition is intended to accommodate both

liquids and gases.


Penetration of chemicals may take place through

Zippers, Seams or Imperfections in Protective Clothing


34

35

Textile Materials
Ordinary textile materials are generally not considered suitable for protection

against chemicals, however special non-coated textile materials are used for a variety of applications involving particulates and light liquid spray from relatively non-hazardous chemicals. tightly woven, repellent-treated fabrics can provide some very low minimum protection against liquid exposure. performance against particles and repellency of liquids. (Tyvek) and (Kleenguard). spunbond/ meltbown/ spunbond

Though woven textiles are not often found in chemical protective clothing, very

More common are nonwoven fabrics that have demonstrated barrier Two predominant examples of non- woven fabrics are flashspun polyethylene

(SMS)

polypropylene

These textiles are used because of their relatively low cost and because the

materials provide a structure of microfibers that filter out dry particulates and many water-based liquids.
36

Flash Spun Polyethylene


Made from very fine, high-density polyethylene fibers, lightweight

yet strong; vaporpermeable, yet water- and chemical-resistant, as well as puncture-, tear- and abrasion-resistant.
Tyvek is formed by a fully integrated process using continuous

and very fine fibers of 100% high-density polyethylene that are randomly distributed and no directional. These fibers are first flash-spun, then laid as a web on a moving bed before being bonded together by heat and pressure - without the use of binders.
Extensive Temperature Range, Excellent Dimensional Stability: -

73C (132C).

37

SMS Polypropylene
Breathable fabric multilayered laminate. The two outer spun bond layers are made of randomly deposited

15 20 micron diameter continuous polypropylene fibres which provide cloth-like comfort while also offering fabric strength, durability and abrasion resistance. comprised of 1-3 micron diameter polypropylene fibres.

The inner melt blown layer provides a filter barrier and is typically

The advantage of melt blown as the barrier layer is that it is

permeable to both air and moisture vapour, meaning that both air and sweat vapour can pass through the garment to keep the skin cool and the wearer more comfortable in hot working environments.
38

Unsupported Rubber and Plastic Materials


Normally,

chemical protective clothing materials supporting textile fabrics to provide strength.

include

However, there are some CPC materials that do not include a

fabric substrate. The rubber material or plastic is thick enough to provide sufficient strength for clothing use.
Examples of polymers used in these materials are polyvinyl

chloride and chlorinated polyethylene.


Because the materials are continuous, they offer a barrier to

liquids and can be used in the construction of CPC intended for protection against liquids and gases.
39

Micro Porous Film-Based Materials


Microporous films have millions of microscopic pores per square

inch of the film structure.


In most cases, the pores are irregularly shaped with tortuous

paths through the film.


This material feature makes the film `breathable' .

The microporous films are generally glued or laminated to

woven or nonwoven fabrics for physical support.


Owing to their physical structure, these fabrics provide barrier

performance against liquids but not gases.

40

Adsorbent-Based Materials
These materials include adsorbents, such as activated

charcoal or other sorbent materials.


Activated Carbon : Activated carbon in very fine powder

or granular form is useful to purify both water and air. Activated carbon has particular affinity to organic materials such as solvents used in printing inks and common coatings.

41

Carbon Tetra Chloride Adsorption % 75-85 Apparent Density gm/cc 0.42 - 0.47 Ash Content (Max) % max 2.5

Ball - Pan Hardness Number 96.5+


pH 9-11

Surface Area sq. M/gm 1300 1400


Size of granules 0.85 X 0.300 mm
42

Development of Chemical Protective Clothing:


The chemical protective clothing is formed by five layers, the

outer shell made of polyester as it has low absorption of 2% and it provides a good strength to the fabric and polyester has a good resistance to lab grade chemicals.
The inner layer is made up of cotton fabric as it gives good

absorbency and comfort.


The

middle layer comprises of sandwiched with activated carbon.

cotton non woven

43

44

The conventional chemical protective clothing was

based on embedding activated carbon using adhesives and polyurethane foam with a activated carbon load of 120 160 GSM.
These fabrics had low comfort properties of air

permeability and thermal comfort causing stress to the wearer.

45

Needle Punching Technology

46

Garment Design Features


The type and location of Seams.
The type, length, and location of the closure system(s). The type and characteristics of visors or face shields, if

integrated into garments.


The design of interface areas with other chemical

protective clothing or equipment.


47

Seams

48

49

Closure Systems
Closures are typically the `weak' link in the chemical

protective clothing barrier.


The simplest closures are zippers or a series of snaps. CPC designs use storm flaps to cover the zipper or snaps

Liquid-repellent zippers are conventional zippers that

use rubber or plastic coated tape instead of woven cloth on the sides of the zipper and that have a special chain (teeth) that are coated to limit liquid penetration.
50

51

Garment Visors
Visors are generally incorporated into suits to offer chemical

barrier protection for the head and face area. In general, the visor is constructed from a material that provides clear undistorted vision as well as chemical resistance. chloride, polycarbonate, and polymethacrylate.

The principal materials used in visor construction are polyvinyl


Since the visor material must provide optical qualities, only

transparent materials can be chosen as visors.

When greater chemical resistance is required, the visor made be

made of a composite material that includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) laminated to PVC.
52

Levels of Chemical Protection

53

Level A
Level A should be worn when the highest level of respiratory, skin, and

eye protection is required.

Level A is used when:

Conditions are unknown.


The hazardous substance has been identified and requires the highest

level of protection for skin, eyes, and respiratory system.

Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas. Work function involves a high potential for splash, immersion, or

exposure to unexpected skin hazards .

54

Fully Encapsulating Suit With SelfContained Breathing Apparatus.

55

Level B
Self-contained breathing apparatus, Chemical protective clothing,

gloves, and hard hat. Should be selected when the highest level of respiratory protected is needed and some degree of skin protection is required.

Level B is the minimum recommendation for initial site entry.

Level B protection is used when:


Air contaminants are unknown. Air contaminants have been identified and the criteria for using APRs

are not met.

The atmosphere contains less than 19.5% oxygen. Direct contact does not pose a severe skin hazard.
56

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus, Chemical Protective Clothing, Gloves, And Hard Hat.

57

Level C
Level C should be selected when types of airborne contaminants

are known, the concentrations are measured and the criteria for using air-purifying respirators (APRs) are met.
Level C protection is used when:
Criteria for the use of APRs are met.

Air contaminants have been identified and concentrations measured.


Direct contact does not pose a skin hazard.

58

Air-purifying Respirator, Chemical Protective Clothing, Gloves, Boots, And Hard Hat.

59

Level D
Level D should not be worn on any site with respiratory or skin

hazards.
Level D is primarily a work uniform providing minimal protection. Level D protection is worn when: Atmosphere contains no known hazards. Work functions precludes the potential for unexpected exposure to hazardous levels of any substances.
60

Chemical-Protective Clothing, Boots, Gloves, And Hard Hat

61

62

Various Test Method For CPC


ASTM F1186-03 ASTM F1001-99a ASTM F739-99a ASTM F1383-99a ASTM F1407-99a ASTM F1194-99 ASTM F903-03 ASTM F2053-00 ASTM F2130-01 EN 943-1:2002 EN 467:1995 EN374-3:1994 EN ISO 6529 ISO 6530 (1990) ISO 13994 (1998) ISO 17491(2002)

63

S-ar putea să vă placă și