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NAME: KHAWAJA HASEEB UR REHMAN ROLL NUMBER : AP509186

Submitted to Miss Afsheen

CODE SWITCHING
It is observed that bilinguals mixing two languages when speaking

INTRODUCTION
Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety of language in a conversation. Bilinguals, who can speak at least two languages, have the ability to use elements of both languages when conversing with another bilingual.

Objective:

The objective of this research article is to find out the causes and patterns of code-mixing among the various groups.

DATA FOR STUDY AND METHODS For collecting primary data

different people were chosen like students, teachers, housewives, white-collar service holders and professionals.

To conduct this research each of the respondents were asked to fill up an elaborate questionnaire. In Interview respondents were asked why do you shift from one language to another?

Influence of Environment
Official environment plays an important role for the occurrence of code mixing. ). In order to coat their speech with the exact tone (for example, seriousness, emphasis, sometimes some superiority feelings) they have been observed to mix

Reasons For Language Shift


1. Spontaneous 2. To draw the attention of others 3. To show off 4. To impress for professional purpose 5. To impress the opposite gender 6. To take the advantage of 7. Lack of translation equivalent 8. Medium of education in English 9. Euphemism

Arena of Code Mixing


1. Social party 2. Official Party 3. Club 4. Every situation 5. Out in shopping mall 6. Writing SMS 7.Chat (Face book)

8. Family party

With Whom Code mixing occurs


code-mixing among the respondents occurs while conversing with parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, and friends and even with the outsiders.

Patterns Of Code Mixing


a)Intra word (within word): a) English root word, Urdu suffix: Where Urdu inflections have been used with English words Talk-Shawk Bookain (Books) Roadain (Roads) Advicain (No Plural of Advice) Speakna (Speak) Platain (Plates)
w o r d ( w i t h i n w o r d ) : a ) E n g l i s h r o o t w o r d , U r d u s u f a ) I n t r a

b)Urdu root word, English suffix: The combination is made by the use of Urdu with English suffix (-ing). Lagaing (applying) Bataing (Telling) Challaned (ed is as suffix) This kind of mixing is in vogue among the younger generation.

Patterns of code switching


Inter word (inserting English word or phrase in Urdu sentences or utterances): The words in italics are Urdu words. Examples from intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching are given as the following:

Yeh jo influence ki hum baat kerte hein na, tu some bad influences change us.
This the influence of we talk do are so some bad influences change us. As we are talking about influence so some bad influences change us. I am not taking any assignment afterwards. Yeh yaad rakh lein keh akheri paanch mere paas aye hein. I am not taking any assignment afterwards. This remember keep that last five I with received are. I am not taking any assignment afterwards. Remember that I have received the last five.

Comments of some respondents in the questionnaire

I am very conscious of my nationality. I am proud of being a Pakistani. I am pretty concerned about my own language Urdu. I love to speak purely in Urdu while speaking to any Urdu Speaker but as an educated person I dont mind to use English when it is necessary. Sometimes it helps me to express myself better Using English with Urdu is a matter of convenience, not happiness We should use only one language for communication. Penglish should be avoided Though several times, I have been considered as a snob by my friends and relatives, I continue to mix two languages because I want to practice English. It is spontaneous. As I know a separate language, I dont want to confine myself to one language. Sometimes I can express my emotion better by mixing two languages. As English is the most used international language, so it should be practiced in written form and verbally. I feel good to use English according to situation.

Conclusion
The

findings from this study revealed that the primary factor of code switching is incompetence in the second language. Other noted factors were: to maintain privacy so that others would not understand; to easiness of communication; to avoid misunderstanding; to share informational; being unfamiliar with similar words in English; to put emphasis being stylist or to be thought clever.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH!


YOU MAY ASK ANY QUESTION IF YOU WISH.

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