ENGLISH COMMUNICATION

Dikutip berbagai sumber oleh: M. Usman Nasution, SH., MH.

How is Communication Happened?

In texts made Text is a denomination of meaning

It is said Text, if:

Have a meaning Reasonable Able to be understood

How do they use English?

They thought in English Language Culture that they have learned. They use English Grammar. That Grammar, is there in a sentence and text.

What is its Implication ?

Grammar is a thought pattern of the language user.
Learn grammar = learn of Thinking Pattern. Using English Language have to use the thought pattern (grammar) of English language. Without English Grammar, the user cant be understood.

No comprehension = No Communication

Effective Communication
It is happened when someone:
Understand each other, Have grammar, Express clearly meaning, Aware of meaning nuances.

Meaning Nuances
Ideal Principally found in vocabularies and agreeable interpreted to context. Interpersonal Found in Subject+Finite verb, Modalities, Gambits, and Vocabularies. Textual Be understood through massages arrangement in a sentence.

1. They always find fault with me 2. They always try to find fault with me

In sentence 1, the verb find has they for its subject; hence the verb fund is limited by person and number. We, therefore call it a Finite Verb.

(It will be noticed that all verbs in the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods are Finite, becouse they are limited by the person and number of their subject) . indicative/waktu sekarang; I write to my brother every week.
subjunctive/bentuk pengandaian; if I were you, I would not do it. imperative moods/bentuk perintah; Wait there. Open your book at page 7.

In sentence 2, to find merely names the action denoted by the ver find, and is used without mentioning any subject. It is therefore, not limited by person and number as a verb that has a subject, and is, therefore, called the Verb Infinite, or simply the Infinitive.

Interpersonal
You swam on the beach. Did you swim on the beach? You didnt swim on the beach. Swim on the beach. Youd better swim on the beach. Why dont you swim on the beach. How come you swam on the beach. Id rather swim on the beach.

Example
A : Don, do you know how to charge a handphone card? B : Sorry, Lis, Im in a hurry. I have to A : Say you dont want to help me. B : No. I didnt say that. What Im trying to say is that A : What? B : Ugh Dont force me Lis, Bye A : Hey, wait!

Conversation
Here to give you some ideas, is a conversation about travel. Bill stays at home most of the time. Jane travels on business. Bill:

Should think
I Expect Suppose

In
With

Your job a job like yours a job like that

If you do that sort of job. need You have Its necessary for you to travel to travel a good deal quite a lot a fair bit Isnt it?

Dont you?

Jane:
Well, yes; Yes, of course; Oh, naturally

I do

go abroad Travel here and there

from time to time Now and again occasionally since yesterday for 24 hours

.......

In fact As a matter of fact To tell you the truth

Ive only been back from China

Ive just come back from China I came back from China only yesterday I came back only yesterday from China It sounds marvelous It must be Im sure its I should think its Marvelous, isnt it?

Bill:
I had that sort of job I wish I could do That sort of job Things like that

I could go to places like that Jane: (I suppose) it is really in a way up to a point after a fashion

But remember

I have Ive got

To go

Where Im told Where my firm send me

Bill: When While At the time During your

You were (staying) in China trip visit to China

Were you able Did you manage Did you gat a chance Did they take you

to visit the Great Wall?

Did you visit the Great Wall?

Jane: the whole time all the time from start to finish right through I didnt have a chance just couldnt make it wasnt a chance was just no question

I was busy
No

It was out of the question there of it

I was working continuously. I was countinuously busy.

there was just no way.

Bill:
the trouble about one of Thats the snags the disadvantages happens expect put up with If you travel of

travelling
on business I suppose

What the sort of thing that what you have to

Jane: Im hoping I hope Still, Im hoping with a bit of luck to go back I shall go back for I shall have I shall should next year a chance an opportunity able to go back. of going back. to go back

one of my Chinese friends ....... a Chinese friends of mine

is going to has promised to says he will

take me up to the Great Wall then

Bill:
It must be What a Im sure its such a change so different change Different from being here in London different after compared with Peking

Totally completely

(being here in) London must be so dull

Jane: Not really Not at all Far from it On the contrary ...... Do you know. Would you believe it. Believe it or not

Ive lived here for 40 years Its 40 years since I came to live here

and

Ive never even been to Westminster I still havent been Abbey !

Oral Text
Transactional Conversation:
* The conversation which is done for meeting life needs, such as: Sell-Purchase, borrowing things, job interview, asking apology, asking for attendance, etc.

* Talk if it is necessary to, certain subject.

Oral Text
Interpersonal Conversation:
o The conversation which is done in an intimacy talk, to meet a social fairness. o Conversation for a talk: free subject. Usually longer, more difficult and risky, Venture self image.

Oral Text

Monologue
Short functional texts: instructions, announcements etc. Text in a certain genre : descriptive, recount, narrative, report etc.

Writing Text
Short functional texts: Label, notices, announcements, congratulation cards, etc.
Genres: Descriptive, report, recount etc.

Genre
Have a : Communicative purpose
Generic structure Linguistic features

Recount
Communicative objective:
Report an event, occurence or activity for reporting about or entertaining.

Generic Structure:
* Introduction (orientation), ie; giving infomation about What, Who, Where, and When.

*
*

Report (series), ie; events, activity which was happened, which is usually reported in series;
personal comment and/or assessment expression (if there is)

Linguistic features:
* * Nouns dan pronouns as a substitution word for man, animal, or things, such as; David, the monkey, we, etc. Action verbs or a word for saying action, such as; go, sleep, run, etc.

Conjunctions and time connectives which makes a series of event, occurence or activity, such as; and, but, then, after that, etc.
Adverbs and adverb phrases to express about place, time, and manner, such as; yesterday, at my house, slowly, etc. Adjectives to explain about nouns (make an atribute), such as; beautiful, funny, etc.

* *

Narrative
Communicatice Objective:
To entertain the audience or reader with a factual experience or imaginary. The narrative features is a conflict factor shown in it (problem) and resolution (problem solving). It may only have one problem and one resolution, or may be more.

Generic Structure:
* * * * Background Introduction: personage, time, and place: Conflict development; Conflict solution; Code: Change which is happened to personage or the lesson which is able to learn of the story.

Linguistic features
Nouns devinitely as a substitution word for man, in a stor,
such as: stepsisters, housework, etc.

Adjectives which is form a noun phrase, such as: long black

hair, two red apples, etc..

Time Connectives and conjunctions to make an order of

occurence, such as: then, before that, etc..

Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases to show an occurence

location or event, such as; here, in the mountain, happily ever after, etc.

Action Verbs in Past Tense; stayed, etc.

saying verbs which designnate an utterance such as: said, told, and thinking verbs which designnate a personage thought and feeling, such as; thought, felt, dsb.

Descriptive
Communicative Objective :
To descript one feature, thing or certain place.

Generic Structure:

* Recognizing of thing, people or things to be descripted.. * Description, to descript the feature of things, such as;
parentage (where from), the color, the measure, hobby, etc. This description only give an information ebout certain things or certain people which is discussing about. For example a description about My Dog. The feature of My dog can be different to other dog.

Linguistic features
Nouns example; teacher, house,my rabbit, etc. Simple present tense.
Detailed Noun Phrase to give information about subject, example; She - a sweet young lady.
Kinds of Adjectives, which is attributely; describing, numbering, classifying, examp: two strong legs, two white fangs, etc.

Relating Verbs to give information about

subject, example; My mum is realy cool, It has very thick fur, etc.

 Thinking Verbs and Feeling Verbs to express

writer personal perception about subject, example: Police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, etc.

Action Verbs, example; Our new puppy bites our

shoes, dsb.

Abverbials to give additional information about the

subject, example; fast, at the tree house, etc.

Figurative Language, such as simile, metafor,

example; John is white as chalk, sat tight, etc

Procedure
Communicative Objective: to give an indication about the way of doing somethings through a series of action or steps.
Generic Structure :

Activity objective or Tittle; Materials; Steps;

Linguistic features
. .
sentence pattern - Imperative, example; Cut, Dont mix, etc. action verbs, example; turn, put, dont, mix, etc. connectives to arrange the activity, example; then, while, etc.. adverbials to mention time detail, place, accurate manner, example; for five minutes, 2 centimetres from the top, etc.

Anecdote
Communicative Objective:
To tell an incident such as funny affair or immoderate, either based on imaginary or factual occurance, for entertaining.

Generic Structure:
Introduction; Orientation Crisist; Action / Reaction; Code.

Linguistic features
o exclamation/ interjection, example; Listen to this! And do you know what? Its awful, isnt it? etc. o Action Verbs, example; go, write, etc. o Conjunctions which shows time, such as; then, afterwards, etc. o verbs formed in Past Tense

Report
Communicative Objective: to tell an information about something, what it is to be, as a result of sistimatic monitoring or analysis, which is descripted able to cover natural phenomenon, environment, man made things, or social tendencies. Report can be a common conclusion such as; about a temperate house, by descripting the subject feature, so that, the house can be categorized as a temperate house, etc.

Generic Structure:

Report

o Common Statement which explain the subject of the report, annotation, and its classification. o Description; o Language features; o General nouns, such as reptiles in comodo insland. o Relating verbs to explain the feature, example; reptiles are scaly animals (this feature is suited to all reptiles). o Action verbs which explain aptitude, example; lizards cannot fly. o Present tense to express common things, example; comodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kgs. o Technical terminology, exampe; water contains oxygen and hydrogen. o Paragraph in sentence subject to make an amount of informations.