Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
S8P1.
Atoms
are the basic building block of all matter. kind of atom is an element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Each
There
are 117 confirmed elements. 90 of these are found in nature and the rest are synthetic (man made)
Location Charge
Proton Nucleus +
Mass
1 amu
Neutron Nucleus
Electron Electron Cloud
0
-
1 amu
Less than 1 amu
Number describes the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. Atomic# = #protons= #electrons
Atomic Atomic
Mass equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom.
Neutral
molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. It is the smallest unit of a compound that has all the properties of the compound.
subscript is a small number that tells you the number of atoms of each element in the substance.
b. Describe the difference between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures.
An
element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Compounds are pure substances that are created when 2 or more elements are chemically combined.
Mixtures
form when two or more substances combine without joining together chemically. Heterogeneous mixtures look different throughout Homogeneous mixtures look the same throughout
homogeneous mixture with tiny particles ex- kool aid (solute-what is dissolved; solvent-what does the dissolving) Suspensions- heterogeneous mixture containing larger particles (ex-oil and water) that settle out Colloids- homogeneous mixture where particles are intermediate in size and do not settle out (ex-milk)
c. Describe the movement of particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas states.
solid is a substance with definite shape and volume Particles are densely packed Energy binding the particles is very strong
liquid is a substance that Has no definite shape Has definite volume Particles are less densely packed and can flow around each other Energy binding the particles is strong
gas is a substance that has NO definite shape No definite volume The particle arrangement is far apart The binding energy is very weak.
Plasma
is a state of matter that forms when temperatures are high enough to remove electrons from their atoms.
d. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as physical (i.e., density, melting point, boiling point) or chemical (i.e., reactivity, combustibility).
Physical
Properties are characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity.
senses
Chemical
Properties are characteristics that describes how a substance will interact with other substances during a chemical reaction.
e.
Distinguish between changes in matter as physical (i.e., physical change) or chemical (development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).
Physical
Change alters the physical properties of a substance without changing the identity of the substance.
Chemical
Change occurs when a substance is changed into a new substance with different properties.
f.
Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.
The
periodic table is a chart that organizes the information about all of the known elements according to their properties.
Elements
in the same group have similar properties. These properties are a result of their identical valence electron numbers.
Reactivity
Most chemically active are group 1 elements. (Due to their 1 valence electron) Group 18 (Noble Gases) are inert. This means they cannot not form bonds with other elements because they are chemically stable.
Elements
on the left are metals (except H) Elements on the right are nonmetals Elements along the stair step line are metalloids
g.
The
law of conservation of matter states that during a chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed. Mass of the reactant equals the mass of the product
coefficient is a number that can show how many molecules of a compound are present.
S8P2. Students will be familiar with the forms and transformations of energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy is not created or destroyed but can be transferred.
Examples
of Energy Transformations: Plants convert electromagnetic energy from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Eating vegetables allows your body to convert stored chemical energy into thermal energy to maintain body temp and mechanical to allow you to move
The sun converts nuclear energy into electromagnetic and thermal energy
Kinetic energy the energy of motion Depends on mass and velocity Greater the mass; Greater the KE Greater the velocity; Greater the KE
Potential energy stored energy Ex. Chemical Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Elastic Potential energy stored in stretched or spring objects Gravitational Potential energy stored in objects above Earths surface
c. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy (heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound) and their characteristics.
Each
form of energy has its own characteristics. Mechanical Associated with energy of motion (kinetic). Thermal Energy total amount of energy in all the particles
Electrical Energy energy that results from moving charges Electromagnetic energy resulting from the motion of atoms
d. Describe how heat can be transferred through matter by the collisions of atoms (conduction) or through space (radiation). In a liquid or gas, currents will facilitate the transfer of heat (convection).
Temperature
Heat
is the transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures Flows from higher temperature to lower temperature
Heat
can be transferred through matter in all three phases and can be transferred through a vacuum (empty space).
Conduction Heat is transferred through solids and liquids by direct contact of the particles. Convection Heat is transferred through fluids (liquids and gases) by currents.
S8P3. Students will investigate relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects.
Force
Reference
Point a generally stationary point such as a tree, or street sign that allows you to define the motion of an object in terms of speed, position, and direction.
Speed
moves. Speed = distance / time Units m/s Distance/Time Graph: Distance on the Y-axis Time on the X-axis
speed of the object in a given direction. Velocity changes when the speed or the direction of an object changes.
Velocity
the rate at which velocity changes. Acceleration changes if the speed or its direction changes. Formula: a = vf vi t Units m/s/s
Acceleration
b. Demonstrate the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object in terms of gravity, inertia, and friction.
Net
Balanced
Forces equal forces acting in opposite direction Net force equals zero
Unbalanced
Forces Net force is greater than zero Object moves in the direction of the greater force Can cause a change in the motion of an object
Inertia
Friction
the force that opposes the motion of an object Static no motion Sliding objects sliding past each other
Rolling objects rolling past each other Fluid friction from a liquid or gas
Gravity
rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2nd Law Force equals mass times
acceleration.
3rd Law For every action there is an
c. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines (lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle) on work.
when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the direction of the force. W = F x d Only occurs when the object moves in the direction of the force
Work
Machines
makes work
easier by: Multiplying effort force Changing direction of force Increasing Distance
Simple Machine Levers Pulleys Wheel and Axle Inclined Plane Wedges Screws
Lever
a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point Force Applied Effort Force Resistance Load
3 classes of Levers
Pulley
a rope or chain wrapped around a wheel Makes work easier by changing direction of the force Block and Tackle pulleys multiply effort force
Wheel
and Axle consists of two wheels of different sizes. Larger Wheel Smaller Axle Makes work easier by increasing the effort force
Incline
Plane a straight, slanted surface Makes work easier allowing you to use less effort over a greater distance
Wedges
an inclined plane that is wider or thicker at one end than the other Makes work easier by changing the direction of the effort force
Screw
an inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder Makes work easier by increasing the number the threads
S8P4. Students will explore the wave nature of sound and electromagnetic radiation.
Wave
Medium
Mechanical
Wave - a wave that needs a medium Transverse Wave a wave that transfers energy in a direction that is perpendicular to its medium. Longitudinal Wave particles move back and forth.
Electromagnetic
b. Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated causing reflection, refraction diffraction, and absorption.
When
a wave hits an obstacle, passes from one medium to another, or hits another wave, it is possible that it will change speed, direction, or shape.
Reflection
occurs when a wave bounces back after striking a barrier. Sound Reflection = Echo Light Reflection in mirror allows you to see yourself
Refraction
- the bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another. Light Refracts (bends) Enters a lens Enters a prism Enters water from air (bent pencil)
Diffraction
refers to the bending, spreading, and interference of waves when thy go through a narrow opening. When waves pass through a slit, a pattern of ripples forms in all directions
Interference
when two
waves collide Constructive crest hits crest Destructive trough hits trough
Transmission
passing of waves through a medium Transparent most of light transmits through the material Windows, Plastic Wrap
Absorption
You see different colors due to reflection and absorption An apple looks red b/c all colors but red are absorbed and red is reflected back to your eye
c. Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of wavelengths.
Your
The
Eye Cornea transparent material helps move light into the eye Pupil small hole that adjusts size in order to control amount of light entering
Lens responsible for focusing light Retina where the light rays focus the image Optic Nerve relays information about image to brain
Electromagnetic
Spectrum collection of all EM frequencies Radio waves longest wavelength, lowest frequency Used in AM & FM broadcasting
Microwaves More energy than radio waves. Radar Infrared Light associated with heat.
Visible Light only part of spectrum that you can see Longest Wavelength is Red Shortest Wavelength is Violet You see color because of the way light interacts with an object.
Ultraviolet Light have a higher frequency than visible light Can cause reactions: tan the skin, too much may lead to skin cancer
X-rays can travel through soft tissue, such as skin, but not through hard bone. Gamma Rays have the shortest waves and highest frequencies Most Energy on Spectrum
d. Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by medium (such as air, water, solids).
In
Illuminated objects that reflect light to your eyes Amount of reflected light depends on the surface. (Smooth reflects more light than rough surfaces.)
Law
of Reflection the angle at which any wave strikes a reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave is reflected
material that permits light to pass through Translucent material transmits some light Opaque allow no light to pass through (Wood, Carpet)
Transparent
Sound
is a form of energy produced by vibrating objects. Mechanical Wave (needs a medium) Longitudinal Wave (moves back and forth)
highness or lowness of a sound Frequency number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given time period
Pitch
Human
Ear Outer collects sounds Middle transfers energy into inner ear by vibrating the 3 small bones Inner cochlea stimulates nerve cells and sends signal to auditory nerve.
Effect change in the frequency of a sound due to a moving sound source or a moving listener Resonance ability of objects to pick up the frequency of a nearby object
Doppler
f. Diagram the parts of the wave and explain how the parts are affected by changes in amplitude and pitch.
Amplitude
Wavelength
the distance between two successive points on a wave Crest to Crest or Trough to Trough Compression to Compression Rarefaction to Rarefaction
Frequency
the number of waves produced in a given amount of time Higher Frequency = Shorter Wavelength Lower Frequency = Longer Wavelength
Pitch
refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Determined by the frequency of the sound. Low Pitch = Low Frequency High Pitch = High Frequency
Wave
Affected by : Medium through which wave is traveling. Mechanical Waves travel fastest through solids Electromagnetic Waves travel at the same speed
S8P5. Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity, and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting in nature.
a. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object and that the force exerted depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are.
an attractive force that works to pull objects together. Law of Universal Gravitation the force of gravity acts between all objects in the universe
Gravity
Gravitational
Force depends
on: Mass amount of matter Distance Greater the Mass; Greater the gravitational attraction Closer Distance; Greater gravitational force
Newtons
Law of Motion an object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest unless an unbalanced forces act on it.
st 1
Inertia
tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion. Greater Mass; Greater Inertia
The
moon is able to continuously orbit Earth because the Moons inertia and Earths gravity are balanced.
b. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits and how they transfer energy.
Electrical
Energy is produced by the movement and distribution of charged particles from the atom.
Electric
Potential
Difference (aka Voltage) results from the differences in electrical charges in two locations. Unit = Volts (V)
Circuits
a path through which electricity can flow. Energy Source push charges through circuit (battery greater voltage; greater push)
Series
Circuit a circuit that provides one possible path for the e- to flow One bulb burn out all bulbs burn out
All loads share the same energy source More bulbs added; dimmer lights get
Parallel
Circuit offers more than one path for the flow of electricity. Each load has its own closed pathway If one bulb burns out; the others are unaffected Loads do not share a current.
c. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can exert force on each other.
Magnetic
Force a push or a pull that is exerted by a magnet Magnets have 2 poles north and a south pole Cutting a magnet in half gives you two smaller magnets with a N & S pole.
Magnetic
Field area surrounding a magnet in which the magnetic force exists Lines extend from one pole of the magnet to the other
Electromagnetism
production of a magnetic field by an electric current Electric current flows through a coil of wire a magnetic field is produced similar to a bar magnet.
Electromagnet
magnet that is made by passing an electric current through a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core.
Usefulness
of electromagnets: Temporary they can be turned off and on Strength of magnet can be increased Increase strength of current Add more coils Increase size of core
Motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical Generator transforms mechanical energy into electrical
Electric