CHAPTER 5:

ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS
 INTRODUCTION
• An op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation and integration.

• Typical uses: provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude

and polarity), oscillators, filter circuit and instrumentation
circuit.

• Operational amplifier (op amp) are linear integrated circuit

and widely used in analogue electronic system.

• The internal constructions includes a number of transistors,

diodes, resistors and capacitors in a single tiny chip of
semiconductor material.

• It is packaged in a single case to form a functional circuit.

 INTRODUCTION

• A typical op amp has eight-pin package where pin/terminal

8 is unused and pin 1 & 5 are of little concern to us.

• The other 5 are:

– Pin 2 – inverting input
– Pin 3 – noninverting input
– Pin 6 – output
– Pin 7 – +ve power supply
– Pin 4 - -ve power supply
 INTRODUCTION

• The circuit symbol is the triangle and in has two

inputs and one output.

• The inputs are marked with minus (-) and plus

(+) to specify inverting and noninverting inputs,
respectively.
 INTRODUCTION

• An input applied to the noninverting pin will

appear with the same polarity at the output.

• An input applied to the inverting pin will appear

inverted at the output.
 BASIC OPERATION
• Here, the basic operation will be divided into two
section:
– Non ideal operation
– Ideal operation

• However, the ideal operation will be used

throughout the analysis.
 BASIC OPERATION

NON IDEAL OPERATION

• The non ideal op amp has the following
characteristics:
– High open-loop gain, A ≈106
– High input resistance, Ri ≈2MΩ
– Low output resistance, R0 ≈75Ω

Vd is the differential input voltage

given by:
v d = v2 – v 1

where v1 is the voltage between the

inverting terminal and ground and v2
is the voltage between the
noninverting terminal and ground.
 BASIC OPERATION

IDEAL OPERATION
• The characteristics of an ideal op amp is defined
as follows:
– Infinite open-loop gain, A ≅ ∞
– Infinite input resistance, Ri ≅ ∞
– Zero output resistance, R0 ≅ 0
 BASIC OPERATION

• For the ideal op amp, the following is considered:

– The current into both input pin are zero:
i1 = 0, i2 = 0

– The voltage across the input terminals are zero:

vd = v2 – v1 = 0
thus
v1 = v2
 BASIC OPERATION

EXAMPLE:
Calculate the closed-loop gain vo/vs and find io when vs = 1V.

Solution:
Remember that, for ideal op amp
i1 = 0, i2 = 0, v1 = v2

Since i1 = 0, the 40kΩ and 5kΩ resistors are in series; the

same current flow through them. And notice that
v2 = vs
 BASIC OPERATION

Hence, using the voltage division principle,

5k vo
v1  vo 
5k  40k 9
Since v1 = v2 , thus
vo vo
vs    9
9 vs
At node O,
vo vo
i0  
5k  40k 20k

When vs = 1V, vo = 9V. Substituting for vo = 9V in the above

equation gives
io = 0.2 + 0.45 = 0.65mA
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
• Figure below shows the connection of inverting
amplifier.

• The noninverting input is grounded, vi is

connected to the inverting input through R1 and
the feedback resistor Rf is connected between the
inverting input and output.
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER

• Our goal is to obtain the relationship between the

input voltage vi and the output voltage v0.

• Applying KCL at node 1,

vi  v1 v1  vo
i1  i2  
R1 Rf

• But for an ideal op amp, v1 = v2 = 0, since the

noninverting pin is grounded. Hence,
vi vo Rf
  vo   vi
R1 R f R1
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER

• The voltage gain is

vo Rf
Av   
vi R1

• The designation of the circuit as an inverter arises

from the negative sign.
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER

EXAMPLE:
If vi = 0.5V, calculate: a) the output voltage vo and b) the
current in the 10kΩ resistor.
 INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Solution:

vo Rf 25
a)    2.5
vi R1 10
vo  2.5vi  2.5  0.5   1.25V

b) The current through the 10kΩ resistor is

vi  0 0.5  0
i   50  A
R1 10k
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
• Figure below shows the connection of
noninverting amplifier.

• The input voltage vi is applied directly at the

noninverting input pin and resistor R1 is
connected between the ground and the inverting
pin.
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

• Applying KCL at the inverting pin gives

0  v1 vi  vo
i1  i2  
R1 Rf

but v1 = v2 = vi, the above equation becomes

vi vi  vo

R1 Rf

or
 Rf 
vo   1  vi
 R1 
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

• The voltage gain is

vo Rf
Av   1 
vi R1

• The output has the same polarity as the input,

thus it is named as noninverting amplifier.
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER/BUFFER
• If we let Rf = 0 and R1 = ∞

the circuit will become as shown figure which is

called a voltage follower (or unity gain amplifier)
because the output follows the input. Thus,
vo
vo  vi  1
vi
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the output voltage vo

6  va va  vo

4k 10k
Solution:
 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

But va = vb = 4, and also

6  4 4  vo
  vo  1V
4k 10k
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER
• Figure below shows the connection of summing
amplifier. Also called a summer.

• A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that

combines several inputs and produces an output
that is the weighted sum of the inputs.
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

• It is an inverting amplifier with multiple inputs. It

can have more than three inputs.

• Applying KCL at node a gives

i = i1 + i2 + i3

but
v1  va v2  va v3  va va  vo
i1  , i2  , i3  , i
R1 R2 R3 Rf

note that va = 0, thus

 Rf Rf Rf 
vo    v1  v2  v3 
 R1 R2 R3 
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

EXAMPLE:
Calculate vo and io of the following op amp circuit

Solution:
There are two inputs.
 Rf Rf 
vo    v1  v2 
 R1 R2 
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

 10 10 
vo     2   1     4  4   8V
 5k 2.5k 

The current io is the sum of the currents through the

10kΩ and 2kΩ resistors. Both of these resistors
have voltage vo = -8V across them, since va = vb =
0. Hence,

vo  0 vo  0
io    0.8m  4m  4.8mA
10k 2k
 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
• This type of amp is used to amplify the difference
between two input signals.
 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

• Applying KCL at node a gives

v1  va va  vo

R1 R2

or  R2  R2
vo    1va  v1
 R1  R1

• Applying KCL at node b gives

v2  vb vb  0

R3 R4
or  R4 
vb   v2
 R3  R4 
 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

since va = vb

 R2   R4  R2
vo    1 v2  v1
 R1   R3  R4  R1

R2  1  R1 R2  R2
vo  v2  v1
R1  1  R3 R4  R1
or
 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

EXAMPLE:
Obtain io in the instrumentation amplifier circuit below

Answer: 2µA