N F nitaT B S

Definition of learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought

about through experience.(interaction with environment)

Not all change (biologic)

Classical Conditioning : learning by Association

By Ivan Pavlov ( Russian physiologist ) UCS : a stimulus that can elicit a response without any learning UCR : an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus CS : a stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus CR : a response that similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by conditioned stimulus

Importance of Classical Conditioning

1920 : JB Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Teaching a fear to an 11-month-old child : little Albert 1924 : Jones and Mary Reduced fear of rabbit in another small child by gradually pairing the rabbit (CS) with cookies (UCS) CR ( fearful crying ) : counterconditioning Counterconditioning : process of eliminating a classically conditioned response by pairing the CS with UCS for a response that is stronger than CR and that cannot occur at same time as CR Health ( immune response), sexual arousal, phobia

Classical Conditioning
When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with

another stimulus that elicits an unlearned response , the previously neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the same or very similar response.

Operant Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement Two important issues should be noted : Timing and consistency indelivery of reinforcement

Primary Reinforcers : innate positive reinforcers that do not have to be acquired through learning food ,water, warmth physical activity etc Secondary Reinforcers : Learned positive reinforcers school grade, prize, money, applause

Positive reinforcement

Secondary reinforcement

Schedule of Positive Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio

A reinforcement schedule A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcers in which the reinforcer is given only after is given after a varying specified number of number of responses response have been made High rate but typically a sales, slot machine pause after each gambling reinforcer

Schedule of Positive Reinforcement

Fixed interval : Variable interval :
A reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given following the first response occuring after a predetermined period of time member of congress Visiting with voters

schedule in which the reinforcer is given following the first response occuring after a variable amount time fishing

Shaping
A strategy of positively reinforcing behaviour that are

successively more similar to desired behaviour Method of successive approximations Skinner box : rats Child 3-yo to clean her room

shaping

To be continue........