Basic Electric Circuits: Introduction To Operational Amplifiers

Basic Electric Circuits
Introduction To
Operational Amplifiers
One might ask, why are operational amplifiers
included in Basic Electric Circuits?
The operational amplifier has become so cheap in
price (often less than $1.00 per unit) and it can be
used in so many applications, we present an
introductory study early-on in electric circuits.
1
What is an operational amplifier? This particular
form of amplifier had the name Operational
attached to it many years ago.

As early as 1952, Philbrick Operational Amplifiers
(marketed by George A. Philbrick) were constructed
with vacuum tubes and were used in analog
computers.
*
Even as late as 1965, vacuum tube
operational amplifiers were still in use and cost in the
range of $75.

* Some reports say that Loebe Julie actually developed the operational amplifier circuitry.

2
The Philbrick Operational Amplifier.
From Operational Amplifier, by Tony van Roon: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/741.html
My belief is that operational was used as a descriptor
early-on because this form of amplifier can perform
operations of
adding signals
subtracting signals
integrating signals,
}
dt t x ) (
The applications of operational amplifiers ( shortened
to op amp ) have grown beyond those listed above.
3
At this level of study we will be concerned with how
to use the op amp as a device.

The internal configuration (design) is beyond basic
circuit theory and will be studied in later electronic
courses. The complexity is illustrated in the following
circuit.

4
The op amp is built using VLSI techniques. The circuit
diagram of an LM 741 from National Semiconductor is
shown below.
5
V+
V-
V
o

V
in
(-)
Figure 8.1: Internal circuitry of LM741.
Taken from National Semiconductor
data sheet as shown on the web.
V
in
(+)
Fortunately, we do not have to sweat a circuit with 22
transistors and twelve resistors in order to use the op amp
The circuit in the previous slide is usually encapsulated into
a dual in-line pack (DIP). For a single LM741, the pin
connections for the chip are shown below.
Taken from National Semiconductor
data sheet as shown on the web.
6
Figure 8.2: Pin connection, LM741.
i nverti ng i nput
noni nverti ng i nput
output
V-
V+
The basic op amp with supply voltage included is shown
in the diagram below.
7
Figure 8.3: Basic op am diagram with supply voltage.
In most cases only the two inputs and the output are
shown for the op amp. However, one should keep in
mind that supply voltage is required, and a ground.
The basic op am without a ground is shown below.
8
Figure 8.4: Outer op am diagram.
A model of the op amp, with respect to the symbol, is
shown below.
V
1
V
2
_
+
V
d
R
i
R
o
AV
d
V
o
Figure 8.5: Op Amp Model.
9
The previous model is usually shown as follows:
R
i
R
o
AV
d
_
+
V
d
V
1
V
2
V
o
+
_
Figure 8.6: Working circuit diagram of op amp.
10
Application: As an application of the previous model,
consider the following configuration. Find V
o
as a
function of V
in
and the resistors R
1
and R
2
.
+
_
R
2
R
1
+
_
+
_
V
in
V
o
11 Figure 8.7: Op amp functional circuit.
In terms of the circuit model we have the following:
R
i
R
o
AV
i
_
+
V
i V
in
V
o
+
_
+
_
R
1
R
2
a
b
Figure 8.8: Total op amp schematic for voltage
gain configuration.
12
R
i
R
o
AV
i
_
+
V
i V
in
V
o
+
_
+
_
R
1
R
2
a
b
Circuit values are:
R
1
= 10 kO R
2
= 40 kO R
o
= 50 O
A = 100,000 R
i
= 1 meg O
13
We can write the following equations for nodes a and b.
Eq 8.1
Eq 8.2
14
( ) ( )
10 1 40
( )
50
40
i o
in i i
i o
o i
V V
V V V
k meg k
V V
V AV
k
+
+
=
( +
= +
(

Equation 8.1 simplifies to;
in i o
V V V 100 126 25 =
Eq 8.3
Equation 8.2 simplifies to;
0 10 4 10 005 . 4
9 5
=
i o
V x V x
Eq 8.4
15
From Equations 8.3 and 8.4 we find;
in o
V V 99 . 3 =
This is an expected answer.
Fortunately, we are not required to do elaborate circuit
analysis, as above, to find the relationship between the
output and input of an op amp. Simplifying the analysis
is our next consideration.
16
Eq 8.5
For most all operational amplifiers, R
i
is 1 meg O or
larger and R
o
is around 50 O or less. The open-loop gain,
A, is greater than 100,000.
Ideal Op Amp:
The following assumptions are made for the ideal op amp.
=
=
~
i
o
R ohms input Infinite
R ohms output Zero
A gain loop open Infinite
; . 3
0 ; . 2
; . 1
17
Ideal Op Amp:
_
+
+
+
+
+
_
_ _ _
V
i
V
1
V
2
= V
1
V
o
i
1
i
2
=0
=0
(a) i
1
= i
2
= 0: Due to infinite input resistance.

(b) V
i
is negligibly small; V
1
= V
2.

18
Figure 8.9: Ideal op amp.
Ideal Op Amp:
Find V
o
in terms of V
in
for the following configuration.
+
_
R
2
R
1
+
_
+
_
V
in
V
o
19 Figure 8.10: Gain amplifier op amp set-up.
Ideal Op Amp:
+
_
R
2
R
1
+
_
+
_
V
in
V
o
a
V
i
Writing a nodal equation at (a) gives;
( )
2 1
) (
R
V V
R
V V
o i i in
+
=
+
20
Eq 8.6
Ideal Op Amp:
( )
2 1
) (
R
V V
R
V V
o i i in
+
=
+
With V
i
= 0 we have;
With R
2
= 4 kO and R
1
= 1 kO, we have
in o
V V 4 =
Earlier
we got
in o
V V 99 . 3 =
21
Eq 8.7
in
V
R
R
V
1
2
0

=
Ideal Op Amp:
When V
i
= 0 in Eq 8.7 and we apply the Laplace Transform;
1
2 0
R
R
) s ( V
) s ( V
in
=
Eq 8.8
In fact, we can replace R
2
with

Z
fb
(s) and R
1
with Z
1
(s) and
we have the important expression;
) s ( Z
) s ( Z
) s ( V
) s ( V
in
fb
in
=
0
Eq 8.9
22
Ideal Op Amp:
At this point in circuits we are not able to appreciate the
utility of Eq 8.9. We will revisit this at a later point in
circuits but for now we point out that judicious selections
of Z
fb
(s) and Z
in
(s) leads to important applications in
Analog Filters
Analog Compensators in Control Systems
Application in Communications
23
Ideal Op Amp:
Example 8.1: Consider the op amp configuration below.
+
+
+
_
_
_
3 V
V
in
6 kO
1 kO
V
0
a
Figure 8.11: Circuit for Example 8.1.
24
Assume V
in
= 5 V
+
+
+
_
_
_
3 V
V
in
6 kO
1 kO
V
0
a
At node a we can write;
( )
k
V
k
) V (
in
6
3
1
3
0
+
=
+
From which; V
0
= -51 V (op amp will saturate)
25
Eq 8.10
Example 8.1 cont.
Example 8.2: Summing Amplifier. Given the following:
R
fb
R
1
R
2
V
2
V
1
V
0
a
Figure 8.12: Circuit for Example 8.2.
fb
R
V
R
V
R
V
0
2
2
1
1

= +
Eq 8.11
26
Example 8.2: Summing Amplifier. continued
Equation 8.11 can be expressed as;
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
1
1
0
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
fb fb
Eq 8.12
If R
1
= R
2
= R
fb
then,
| |
2 1 0
V V V + =
Eq. 8.13
Therefore, we can add signals with an op amp.
27
Example 8.3: Isolation or Voltage Follower.
Applications arise in which we wish to connect one circuit
to another without the first circuit loading the second. This
requires that we connect to a block that has infinite input
impedance and zero output impedance. An operational
amplifier does a good job of approximating this. Consider
the following:
The
"Block"
Circuit 1 Circuit 2
+
_
+
_
V
in
V
out
Figure 8.13: Illustrating Isolation.
28
Example 8.3: Isolation or Voltage Follower. continued
Ci rcui t 1 Ci rcui t 2
The Bl ock
+
_
+
V
in
V
0
_
Figure 8.14: Circuit isolation with an op amp.
It is easy to see that: V
0
= V
in

29
Example 8.4: Isolation with gain.
+
_
_
_
+
+
20 kO
V
in
V
in
V
0
10 kO
10 kO
a
+
_
Figure 8.15: Circuit for Example 8.4:
30
Writing a nodal equation at point a and simplifying gives;
in
V V 2
0
=
Example 8.5: The noninverting op amp.
Consider the following:
R
0
R
fb
V
0
V
2
_
+
+
_
a
Figure 8.16: Noninverting op am configuration.
31
Example 8.5: The noninverting op amp. Continued
Writing a node equation at a gives;
2
0
0
0
2
0
0 2
0
2
1
,
1 1
0
) (
V
R
R
V
gives which
R R
V
R
V
so
R
V V
R
V
fb
fb fb
fb
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
+ =
=
+
Remember this
32
Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.
Find V
0
for the following op amp configuration.
+
_
+
+
_
_ 4 V
2 kO
6 kO
5 kO
10 kO
V
0
a
V
x
-
Figure 8.17: Op amp circuit for example 8.6.
33
Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.
The voltage at V
x
is found to be 3 V.
Writing a node equation at a gives;
0
10 5
0
=
+
k
) V V (
k
V
x x
or
V V V
x
9 3
0
= =
34
End of Basics Electric Circuits
CIRCUITS

Basic Electric Circuits: Introduction To Operational Amplifiers

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