Introduction to data and network communications

History of telecommunications Data communication systems Data communications links Some hardware facts

Analog and digital data

Codes: binary, ASCII Digital data rates Data formats Required textbook for this course:
Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Learning, 2000

Milestones in history of telecom

1832 Morse code 1874 teletype 1876 Telephone 1881 Long distance line Boston-Providence 1898 Marconi wireless telegraph 1921 first radio broadcast 1934 FCC formed

Milestones continued
1940 first computers: ENIAC, MARK I, II 1947 transistor invented 1956 TDM time division multiplexing 1958 first coast-to-coast microwave 1959 first integrated circuits 1965 Intelsat 1 1966 fiber optic cable

Milestones
1969 packet-switched network ARPANET 1969 UNIX operating system 1972 first e-mail 1974 1976 TCP/IP Ethernet LAN 1978 Hayes 300-bps modem 1981 IBM PC

Milestones
1982 Internet term coined 1983 first cellular phones 1987 NSFNET 1988 CERT formed 1990 Frame relay, commercial dial-up 1991 ATM, first wireless LAN 1992 HTML

Milestones
1993 MOSAIC 1994 Netscape 1995 JAVA, 6 million Internet users 1997 Telecommunications reform act 1998 E-commerce takes off 1999 Y2K fears 2000 Wide spread of wireless communications

Telegraph Facts
A telegraph works by sending pulses of current through a (long) wire to a remote location. At the remote location, the received pulses are converted into a form that can be interpreted by a human operator. The transmitter is just a switch that allows the flow of current when the switch is pressed. There are three types of symbols: off (space) -no pulse is transmitted short (.) a short pulse is transmitted long (-) a long pulse is sent

Morse Code
A E .. B F -... ..-. C G -.-. --. D -..

H
K O S W

....
-.--... .--

I
L P T X

..
.-.. .--. -..-

J
M Q U Y

.-----...-.-N R V Z -. .-. ...--..

If the duration of a dot is taken to be one unit then that of dash is three units. The space between the components of one character is one unit, between characters
is three units and between words seven units.

Morse telegraph circuit

WEST STATION Buzzer Relay Line Wire EAST STATION Buzzer

Relay

Key

Key

Battery

Ground

Ground

Elementary telegraph circuit with ground return

Data Communications Link

Phone company box
Desktop Computer

Modem

Telephone network

Modem

Phone company box

Server

Source: Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Publ 2000

Elements of a data comm link

End stations (primary, remote) LCU line control unit: parallel data coming out of the processor UART: universal asynchronous receiver transmitter: converts parallel data into serial DCE: data communications equipment i.e. modem (modulator-demodulator) Transmission medium: telephone line, coax cable, fiber cable, wireless, microwave, satellite link

Binary Number Representation

Decimal system or
135 1 10 2 3 101 5 10 0

135 = 1 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 5 x1

Binary system 135 = 1 x 128 + 0 x 64 + 0 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 0 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1

135 1 2 7 0 2 6 0 25 0 2 4 0 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0

so decimal number 135 has binary representation 10000111

Power of 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

value 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

Binary form 00000000001 00000000010 00000000100 00000001000 00000010000 00000100000 00001000000 00010000000 00100000000 01000000000 10000000000

Decimal to binary conversion

We start by writing zeros in all the bit positions , e.g. 0000000000 Given a decimal number D we find the largest integer d that is a power of 2 but less than D. The power of 2 in d determines the position of MSB= the most significant bit. Example: for D = 135 the largest power of 2 less than D is d=128 = 2 power 7. Hence there will be a 1 in the seventh + 1 position from the right. 0010000000 We next subtract the value of d from D and then repeat the process on the remainder to determine the next bit position set to 1. Example D - d =135 - 128 = 7 (remainder). 4 is the largest power of smaller than 7. Therefore there will be a 1 in the 2+1 position from the right. 0010000100 Etc.

Analog-to-digital conversion

analog signal

-1

-2

-3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Discretization in time

-1

-2

-3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

analog signal discretized

-1

-2

-3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

signal before and after quantization 3

-1

-2

-3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 time

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Digitized signal
each bar corresponds to a binary number the sequence of binary numbers is transmitted through the communications link as a sequence of symbols the time intervals between the samples are used to transmit signals of other users (this is called multiplexing) In digital telephone system the speech signal is sampled 8,000 per second

Frequency, bandwidth
IEEE defines frequency as the number of complete cycles of sinusoidal variation per unit time (or sinusoidal oscillation) 1 Cycle per second = 1 Hertz = 1 Hz 1000 cycles per second = 1000 Hz = 1kHz 1,000,000 cycles per second = 1 MHz 1,000,000,000 Hz = 1 GHz

Frequencies 1Hz, 2, 10, 20 Hz

Sine Functions
Amplitude
maximum strength of signal

Frequency
Rate of change of signal: cycles per second Period = time for one repetition (T) T = 1/f, where f is frequency

Phase
Relative position in angle

Frequencies: examples
Acoustic frequencies: human speech: 100 Hz to 7 kHz ultrasounds: above 20 Khz to 1 MHz
Electromagnetic carrier frequencies: AM radio broadcast (example) 710 kHz FM broadcast 89 MHz- 108 MHz TV broadcasting 150 MHz- 900 MHz Cellular telephony ~ 1 GHz

Frequency Domain Concepts

Signal has many frequencies Components are sine functions Fourier analysis shows that any signal is made up of component sine waves Frequency domain functions can be plotted as spectrum

Spectrum & Bandwidth

Spectrum is the range of frequencies contained in signal
DC Component
Component of zero frequency

Data Rate and Bandwidth

Any transmission system has a limited band of frequencies This limits the data rate that can be carried

Source: Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Publ 2000

Source: Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Publ 2000

Source: Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Publ 2000

Source: Michael A. Miller: Data and Network Communications, Delmar-Thompson Publ 2000