Object-Oriented Software Engineering

CIS 375 Bruce R. Maxim UM-Dearborn

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OO Concepts - 1
Object
encapsulates both data (attributes) and data manipulation functions (called methods, operations, and services)

Class
generalized description (template or pattern) that describes a collection of similar objects

Superclass
a collection of objects

Subclass
an instance of a class
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OO Concepts - 2
Class hierarchy
attributes and methods of a superclass are inherited by its subclasses

Messages
the means by which objects exchange information with one another

Inheritance
provides a means for allowing subclasses to reuse existing superclass data and procedures provides mechanism for propagating changes
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OO Concepts - 3
Polymorphism
mechanism that allows several objects in an class hierarchy to have different methods with the same name instances of each subclass will be free to respond to messages by calling their own version of the method

Advantages of OO Architectures
Implementation details of data and procedures hidden from the outside world
reduces propagation of side effects after changes

Data structures and operators are merged in single entity or class

this facilitates reuse

Interfaces among encapsulated objects are simplified

reduces system coupling
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Class Construction Options - 1

Build new class from scratch without using inheritance Use inheritance to create new class from existing class contains most of the desired attributes and operations Restructure the class hierarchy so that the required attributes and operations can be inherited by the newly created class
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Class Construction Options - 2

Override some attributes or operations in an existing class and use inheritance to create a new class with (specialized) private versions of these attributes and operations.

Object-Oriented Evolutionary Process Model

Customer communication Planning Risk analysis Engineering construction and analysis Customer evaluation

Object-Oriented Software Construction

Identify candidate classes Look-up classes in library Extract classes if available Engineer classes if not available
Object-oriented analysis (OOA) Object-oriented design (OOD) Object-oriented programming (OOP) Object-oriented testing (OOT)

Put new classes in library Construct Nth iteration of the system

Class Candidates
External Entities
devices or people

Things in Problem Domain

Reports, displays, signals

Events
completion of some task

Roles
manager, engineer, salesperson

Organizational Units
divisions, groups, teams

Structures
sensors, vehicles, computers
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Criteria for Including Objects

Does object information need to be retained? Does object provide a set of needed services that can change its attributes? Does object have major (important) attributes? Can you identify common attributes for all object instances? Can you identify common operations for all object instances? Is it an external entity that produces or consumes information?
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Object-Oriented Life Cycle Model

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Management of OO Projects
Establish a common process framework (CPF). Use CPF & historic data to eliminate time & effort. Specify products & milestones. Define Q.A. checkpoints. Manage changes. Monitor project.
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OO Project Milestones
Contracts completed. OO Analysis completed. OO Design completed. OO Programming completed. OO Testing completed.

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OO Project Metrics
Number of scenario scripts. Number of key classes. Number of support classes. (# key classes)/(# support classes). Number of major iterations (around spiral model). Number of completed contracts.
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OO Estimation - 1
1. Use some effort decomposition technique (e.g. FP) to determine size estimates. 2. Use O.O.A. to develop scenario scripts and count them. 3. Use O.O.A. to get the number of key classes. 4. Categorize types of the user interfaces to determine support class multiplier:
NoUI = 2.0 TextUI = 2.25 GUI = 2.5 Complex GUI = 3.0
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OO Estimation - 2
5. 6. Estimate the number of support classes
# support classes = (# of key classes) * (UI #)

Estimate total effort

Total effort = (key + support) * (average # of work units per class)

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Cross check class based estimate (6) using

Total effort = (avg. # of work units per script) * (# of scenario scripts)

Note: takes 15-20 days to complete each class.

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