VIRGINIA HENDERSON

Gopal Singh Charan Lecturer SGL College of Nursing

CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST The Nightingale of Modern Nursing Modern-Day Mother of Nursing. Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897 She attended the U.S. Army School of Nursing.

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CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST Subsequently, she joined Columbia as a member of the faculty, where she remained until 1948. Her most important writing, Principles and Practice of Nursing. Honor Society of Nursing named their library in honor of her contributions Died: March 19, 1996

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Sources of Hendersons definition of Nursing

First, she participated in the revision of a nursing textbook. Second, she was concerned that many states had no provision for nursing licensure to ensure safe and competent care for the consumer.

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Sources of Hendersons definition of nursing (contd)

Official statements on the nursing function were published by the American Nurses Association(ANA) in 1932 and 1937. Henderson viewed these statements as nonspecific and unsatisfactory definitions of nursing practice.

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Sources of Hendersons definition of Nursing cont..

Individual care is evident in that she stressed assisting individuals. She proposed 14 components of basic nursing care to augment her definition. In 1955, Hendersons first definition of nursing was published in Bertha Harmers revised nursing textbook.

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Henderson's Definition of Nursing

The unique function of nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
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Values & Beliefs

She strongly believed in "getting inside the skin" of her patients in order to know what he or she needs. The nurse should be the substitute for the patient, helper to the patient and partner with the patient.

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Values & Beliefs

Like she said... "The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love of life for the suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a means of locomotion for the infant and the knowledge and confidence for the young mother..."

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14 components of Basic Nursing Care

Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately. Eliminate body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.

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The 14 components

cont..

Maintain body temperature

Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.

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The 14 components

cont..

Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. Worship according to ones faith. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. .
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The 14 components

cont

Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities
Physiolog ical

Occupational

Psychosocial

Spiritual

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Major concepts
Patient Have basic needs that are component of health. Requiring assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. Mind and body are inseparable and interrelated.
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Major concepts

cont..

Considers biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components Environment Healthy individuals may be able to control the environment, but illness may interfere with that ability. Nurses should protect patients from mechanical injury.
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Major concepts

cont..

Nurses should minimize the chances of injury through recommendations Doctors use nurses observations and judgment as the base their prescriptions for protective devices. Nurses must know about social customs and religious practice to assess dangers.

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Major concepts

cont..

Health Health is a quality of life. Health is basic to human functioning. Health requires independence and interdependence.

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Major concepts

cont..

Promotion of health is more important than care of the sick. Individual will achieve or maintain health if they have the necessary strength, will or knowledge.

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Major concepts

cont..

Nursing Temporarily assisting an individual who lacks the necessary strength, will and knowledge to satisfy 1 or more of 14 basic needs. Assists and supports the individual in life activities and the attainment of independence. Nurse serves to make patient complete whole", or "independent.
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Major concepts

cont..

The nurse is knowledgeable in both biological and social sciences. The nurse function as a member of a medical team. Nurse should have knowledge to practice individualized and human care and should be a scientific problem solver.

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Henderson and Nursing Process

Henderson views the nursing process as really the application of the logical approach to the solution of a problem. Nursing process stresses the science of nursing rather than the mixture of science and art on which it seems effective health care service of any kind is based.

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Nursing Process

Hendersons 14 components and definition of nursing

Compare data to knowledge base of health and disease. Identify individuals ability to meet own needs with or without assistance, Document how the nurse can assist the individual, sick or well.

Nursing Assessment

Nursing Diagnosis

Nursing plan

Nursing implementation

Assist the sick or well individual to maintain health or recover from illness
Successful outcomes of nursing care are based on the speed with which or degree to which the patient performs independently the activities of daily living.
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Nursing evaluation

CHARACTERSTICS OF NURSING THEORY

Theories can interrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. Theories must be logical in nature. Her definition and components are logical and the 14 components are a guide for the individual and nurse in reaching the chosen goal.

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CHARACTERSTICS OF NURSING THEORY cont..

Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable. Her work can be applied to the health of individuals of all ages. Theories can be the bases for hypotheses that can be tested. Her definition of nursing cannot be viewed as theory; therefore, it is impossible to generate testable hypotheses.

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CHARACTERSTICS OF NURSING THEORY cont.

Her ideas of nursing practice are well accepted throughout the world as a basis for nursing care. However, the impact of the definition and components has not been established through research.

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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
THE NURSE PATIENT RELATIONSHIP Three levels comprising the nurse patient relationship can be identified, ranging from very dependent to a quite independent relationship

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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS cont..

Partner Helper

Substitute
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS cont..

THE NURSE-PHYSICIAN RELATIONSHIP The care plan, formulated by both the nurse and patient, must be implemented in such a way as to promote the physicians prescribed therapeutic plan. Henderson stressed that nurses do not follow doctors orders

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THEORITAL ASSERTIONS
THE NURSE AS A MEMBER OF THE HEALTHCARE TEAM The nurse works in interdependence with other healthcare professionals Henderson stated no one of the team should make such heavy demands on another member

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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS cont..

ANAESTHETIC

NURSE

NURSE

PATIENT AND FAMILY

PHYSICIAN

PATIENT AND FAMILY

PHYSICIAN

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APPLICATIONS

cont..

Practice The nurse can help the patient move to an independent state by
Assessment

Evaluation

Planning

Implementation
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APPLICATIONS

cont..

Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health status of clients Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health professionals

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APPLICATIONS

cont..

Education Provide a general focus for curriculum design 3 phases of curriculum development
Fundament al needs Meet the needs

Patient and family centered

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APPLICATIONS

cont..

Research Research questions arise from each of the 14 components of basic nursing care. Henderson concluded no profession, occupation or industry in this age can evaluate adequately or improve it practice without research Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas.
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Strengths
Nursing education has been deeply affected by Hendersons clear vision of the functions of nurses. It is broad in scope.

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Weaknesses
No concept of the holistic nature of human being. Lack of conceptual linkage between physiological and other human characteristics. Lacks inter-relate of factors and the influence of nursing care.

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References
Ann Marriner Tomey; Nursing Theorists and their Works; 5th edition; 2002; Page no.98-107 Malanie M and Evelyn m Willa; Theoritical basis for nursing; 2nd Ed 2007 page no.137-140 Kozier nad erbs;Fundamental of nursing,8th ed;page no.43-44.

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References

cont..

Marilyn P; Nursing theories and nursing practice, 2001, page no.143-149 Anne H and John R; A tribute to Virginia Henderson; Advances in nursing science; 1996 Sep 19(1) 1-2 Edward j Halloran; Virginia Henderson and her timeless timings; journal of advanced nursing; 2006 May, page no. 17-24 Excellence in Nursing; American journal of nursing; 1990 Apr.Page no.76-77 Current nursing.com
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