FISIOLOGI PENUAAN NORMAL

RAHMATINA B. HERMAN Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas

Aging
Aging is a normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the bodys homeostatic adaptive responses

.Aging
It is a general response that produces observable:
- changes in structure and function - increased vulnerability to environmental stress and disease

Physiological Signs of Aging

Related to a net decrease in the number of cells in the body and to dysfunctioning of the cells that remain Gradual deterioration in function and capacity to respond to environmental stresses

Decreased the ability to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis)

Theories of Aging

Some theories of aging explain the process at cellular levels, while others concentrate on regulatory mechanisms operating within the entire organism

.Theories of Aging
Genetically programmed event An aging gene is part of the genetic blueprint at birth, and it turns on at a preprogrammed time, slowing down or halting processes vital to life

..Theories of Aging
Free radical theory.
Free radicals: - are electrically charged molecules that have an unpaired electron - the molecules are unstable, and highly reactive and can easily damage protein - may also damage DNA

..Theories of Aging
Autoimmune response. Immune system, which manufactures antibodies against foreign invaders, may start to attack the bodys own cells. This response might be caused by changes in the surface of cells, causing antibodies to attach and mark the cell for destruction.

Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on the integumentary system: > In general:
- aged skin is thinner, especially the dermis, and migration of cells from the basal layer to the epidermal surface slows considerably - aged skin heals poorly and becomes more susceptible to pathological conditions such as skin cancer, itching, pressure sores, and shingles

..Effects of Aging on Body System

> Occur when reaches late forties: - collagen fibers decrease in number, stiffen, break apart, and form into a shapeless - elastic fibers lose some of their elasticity, thicken into clumps, and fray wrinkles - fibroblasts decrease in number - macrophages become less efficient phagocytes

..Effects of Aging on Body System

> With increased age: - hair and nails grow more slowly - immune responsive of older skin decrease - decreased size of sebaceous glands - sweat production diminishes heat stroke - decrease in number of functioning melanocytes grey hair & atypical skin pigmentation

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on bone tissue:
2 principle effects of aging on bone tissue:
1. Demineralization: loss of calcium and other minerals from bone matrix osteoporosis 2. Loss of tensile strength: decrease ability to produce organic portion of bone matrix, mainly collagen very brittle and susceptible to fracture

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on muscle tissue:
- Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass that is replaced largely by fat due to increasing inactivity - Decrease in maximal strength and a slowing of muscle reflexes - Relative number of slow oxidative fibers (type I) appears to increase

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on nervous system:
- Loss of neurons - Decrease capacity for sending nerve impulses to and from brain processing of information diminishes - Conduction velocity decreases, voluntary motor movements slow down, and reflex times increase Parkinsons disease - Degenerative changes in special senses organs

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on endocrine system:
- Variety of changes. - Many researchers look to this system with the hope of finding the key to aging process - Disorders of endocrine system are not frequent - Most often they are related to pathologic changes rather than age - DM and thyroid disorders especially hypothyroidism

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on cardiovascular system:
- Loss of compliance (extensibility) of aorta - Reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength reduced COP - Impaired pumping of heart heart failure - Increase incidence of coronary heart disease - Changes in blood vessels atherosclerosis

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on respiratory system:
- Cardiovascular and respiratory systems operate as a unit damage in one of these is often secondarily reflected in the other - Airways and tissues of respiratory tract become less elastic and chest wall becomes more rigid decrease in lung capacity - Decreased activity of alveolar macrophages and diminished ciliary action of epithelium more susceptible to pulmonary disorders

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on immune system:
- Immune system function less effectively elderly people are more susceptible to all types of infections and malignancies - Progressive declines in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response - Response to vaccines is decreased - Production of antibodies against self proteins increases - Number of helper T cells decreases

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on digestive system:
> Overall changes of digestive system:
- Decreasing secretory mechanisms - Decreasing motility - Changes in neurosensory feedback regarding enzyme and hormone release - Diminished response to pain and internal sensations

.Effects of Aging on Body System

> Specific changes of digestive system:
Reduced sensitivity of mouth irritations and sores Periodontal disease and loss of taste Difficulty of swallowing Inflammations, diverticular disease, neoplasm Maldigestion and malabsorption Increase incidence of gallbladder problems Hemorrhoids Constipation

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on urinary system:
Kidneys become less effective Urinary incontinence Urinary tract infections Polyuria, nocturia, and increased frequency of urination Dysuria, hematuria Urine retention Water imbalance susceptible to dehydration Prostate disorders and malignancy

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on reproductive system: > Female: - Decreased in function of ovaries menopause , osteoporosis due to diminished level of estrogens - Malignancy, mainly uterine cancer

.Effects of Aging on Body System

Effects on reproductive system:
> Male:
- Declining reproductive function is much more subtle than in female - Healthy men often retain reproductive capacity into their 80s or 90s - Most common problem: enlargement of prostate gland (hypertrophy and cancer) squeeze urethra