INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT TRANSFORMER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Hands on workshop developed for field relay techs practical approach

Yellow Brick Road

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS RATIO SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS VARIOUS TOPICS TEST

Z = V/I --- accurate value of I DISTANCE ~ Z

INTRODUCTION
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers C57.13 IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110

INTRODUCTION
Bushing, internal to Breakers and Transformers Free standing, used with live tank breakers. Slipover, mounted externally on breaker/transformers bushings. Window or Bar - single primary turn Wound Primary Optic

MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
Light polarization passing through an optically active material in the presence of a magnetic field . Passive sensor at line voltage is connected to substation equipment by fiber cable. Low energy output used for microprocessor relays Eliminates heavy support for iron.

DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE EXCITATION VOLTAGE EXCITATION CURRENT

EXCITATION IMPEDANCE

DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM POLARITY BURDEN

TERMINAL VOLTAGE
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C

DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT RELAY ACCURACY CLASS MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY

SATURATION ERROR - RATIO/ANGLE

EXCITATION CURVE

EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip Rp Xp e Ie d Ze Rs Is g Sec h

c
Pri

Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef Ie = CURRENT ( ) Ze = IMPEDANCE Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh POLARITY read a few values next

TYPICAL EXCITATION BBC CURRENT vs VOLTAGE

V (volts) 3.0 7.5 15 42 85 180 310 400 425 450 500 520 Ie(amps) 0.004 0.007 0.011 --------------------0.25 ----------5.0 10.0 Ze(ohms) 750 1071 1364 -------------3100 1600 ----------100.0 52.0

CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) 3.0 7.5 15 42 85 180 310 400 425 450 500 520 Ie(amps) 0.004 0.007 0.011 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.00 5.0 10.0 Ze(ohms) 750 1071 1364 2100 2833 3600 3100 1600 850 450 100.0 52.0

Zint I1
Ie+I2

Rsec
Ie

I2

N1 I1 N2

Ze

EXTERNAL BURDEN

RB

LB

POLARITY

DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE EXCITATION VOLTAGE EXCITATION CURRENT EXCITATION IMPEDANCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM BURDEN - NEXT

BURDEN
The impedances of loads are called BURDEN Individual devices or total connected load, including sec impedance of instrument transformer. For devices burden expressed in VA at specified current or voltage, the burden impedance Zb is: Zb = VA/IxI or VxV/VA

EXTERNAL BURDEN
Burden: 0.27 VA @ 5A = .. Ohms 2.51 VA @ 15A = .. Ohms

BURDEN = VA / I

RB LB

QUIZ
I2

RB

CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire Relay burden = 0.05 ohms

DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C

ANSI/IEEE STANDARD FOR CLASSIFICATION T & C

CLASS T: CTs that have significant leakage flux within the transformer core - class T; wound CTs, with one or more primarywinding turns mechanically encircling the core. Performance determined by test.

CLASS C
CTs with very minimal leakage flux in the core, such as the through, bar, and bushing types. Performance can be calculated.

KNEE POINT

DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective saturation point Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also at 10 amps Ie.

45 LINE

Excitation Volts

Knee Point Volts

ANSI/IEEE KNEE POINT

QUIZ: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

KNEE POINT OR EFFECTIVE POINT OF SATURATION

ANSI/IEEE: as the intersection of the curve with a 45 tangent line IEC defines the knee point as the intersection of straight lines extended from non saturated and saturated parts of the excitation curve. IEC knee is higher than ANSI - ANSI more conservative.

IEC KNEE POINT

ANSI/IEE KNEE POINT

EX: READ THE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT, IMPEDANCE TERMINAL VOLTAGE BURDEN CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C EXCITATION CURVE KNEE POINT IEEE IEC ACCURACY CLASS

CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
The measure of a CT performance is its ability to reproduce accurately the primary current in secondary amperes both is wave shape and in magnitude. There are two parts: Performance on symmetrical ac component. Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper

ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS

ANSI/IEEE CLASS DESIGNATION C200: INDICATES THE CT WILL DELIVER A SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF 200V TO A STANDARD BURDEN B - 2 (2.0 ) AT 20 TIMES THE RATED SECONDARY CURRENT WITHOUT EXCEEDING 10% RATIO CORRECTION ERROR. Pure sine wave
Standard defines max error, it does not specify the actual error.

ACCURACY CLASS C STANDARD BURDEN

ACCURACY CLASS: C100, C200, C400, & C800 AT POWER FACTOR OF 0.5. STANDARD BURDEN B-1, B-2, B-4 AND B-8 THESE CORRESPOND TO 1, 2, 4 AND 8. EXAMPLE STANDARD BURDEN FOR C100 IS 1 , FOR C200 IS 2 , FOR C400 IS 4 AND FOR C800 IS 8 . ACCURACY CLASS APPLIES TO FULL WINDING, AND ARE REDUCED PROPORTIONALLY WITH LOWER TAPS. EFFECTIVE ACCURACY = TAP USED*C-CLASS/MAX RATIO

AN EXERCISE

TAPS 2000/5 1500/5 1100/5 500/5

2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT .. .. .. ..

C800
... ... ... ...

tap used*c-class/max ratio

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

300/5

..

...

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C800
tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS

KNEE POINT

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY

2000/5
1500/5

590
390

800
600

1100/5
500/5

120
132

440
200

300/5

78

120

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT .. .. .. .. ..

C400

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS 2000/5 1500/5 1100/5 500/5 300/5

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY ... ... ... ... ...

AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT 220 170 125 55 32

C400

tap used*c-class/max ratio

TAPS 2000/5 1500/5 1100/5 500/5 300/5

EFFECTIVE ACCURACY 400 300 220 100 60

CT SELECTION ACCURACY CLASS

POINT OF SATURATION : KNEE POINT IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO KNEE POINT FOR THE AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap

ANSI/IEEE ACCURACY CLASS C400

STANDARD BURDEN FOR C400: (4.0 ) SECONDARY CURRENT RATING 5 A 20 TIMES SEC CURRENT: 100 AMPS SEC. VOLTAGE DEVELOPED: 400V MAXIMUM RATIO ERROR: 10% IF BURDEN 2 , FOR 400V, IT CAN SUPPLY MORE THAN 100 AMPS SAY 200 AMPS WITHOUT EXCEECING 10% ERROR.

Zint I1
Ie+Isec

Rsec
Ie <10

Isec = 100

RB EXTERNAL BURDEN LB

N1 I1 N2

Ze

ACCURACY ACLASS: C200 RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 A EXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMS Ve=200 V Isec = 100 A Ie <10 Amps.

PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

BUT
THE REST OF US SHOW US THE DATA

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
THE MEASURE OF A CT PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE AND MAGNITUDE . CORRECT RATIO AND ANGLE.

CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS 600/5 MR Accuracy class C100 is selected Load Current= 90 A Max 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 A Min. Fault Current=350 A

STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve

STEPS: CT Ratio selection - within short time and continuous current thermal limits - max load just under 5A Load Current= 90 A CT ratio selection : 100/5

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Relay Tap Selection O/C taps min pickup , higher than the max. load 167%, 150% of specified thermal loading. Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec. Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0 How much higher relay characteristics, experience and judgment.

Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5 Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5 Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Determine Total Burden (Load)

Relay: 2.64 VA @ 5 A Lead: 0.4 Ohms Total to CT terminals:

and

580 VA @ 100 A

(2.64/5*5 = 0.106) + 0.4 = 0.506 ohms @ 5A

(580/100*100 = 0.058) + 0.4 = 0.458 ohms @ 100 A

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION

STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard

Ip
c Pri d Ie Ze Sec h Rp

Xp

Rs

Is
g

Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop across its terminals gh

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class (100/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard For microprocessor based relay: Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4 Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class (100/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap: Max Load = 90 A Relay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap. Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9) Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohms Total burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96 Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy class is = (400/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT capability

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve

ANSI/IEEE ratings ballpark. Excitation curve method provides relatively exact method. Examine the curve

Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171 For load current 1.5 A: Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V Ie = 0.024 Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of pick up)

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve For max fault current
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171 Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A: Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V Ie = 0.16

Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly decreases the fault current to the relay.

TEST

I2

RB
Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve method:
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire Relay burden = 0.05 ohms as constant Fault current = 12500A/18000A CT CLASS = C400/C800 2000/5 MR current transformer CT RATIO = 800/5

AN EXAMPLE C400
CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05 OHMS FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS CT RATIO 800/5 ACCURACY CLASS C400
supply curves C400/800

CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C400

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160 Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C400

CALCULATIONS for 18000 C400

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160 Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C400

ANOTHER EXAMPLE C800

CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05 OHMS FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS CT RATIO 800/5 ACCURACY CLASS C800
supply curves C400/800

CALCULATIONS for 12500 A C800

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160 Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C800

CALCULATIONS for 18000 A C800

BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160 For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve Plot on C800

FAULT CURRENT MAGNITUDES

25 -33 KA 20 - 25 KA 12.5 -20 KA 20 - 25 KA 10 -12.5 KA <10 KA 8 10 46 35 35 +150
REFER TO PAGE 6 OF PAPER

RED DELICIOUS

C400

ZONE1

Z = V/A

DISTANCE

~Z

STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER

ACCURACY:
RELAY CLASS C200 METERING CLASS, USE 0.15% 0.3%, 0.6% & 1.2% AVAIALABLE BUT NOT RECOMMENDED 0.15% MEANS +/- 0.15% error at 100% rated current and 0.30% error at 10% of rated current ( double the error)

STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER

CONTINUOUS (Long Term) rating
Primary

Secondary, 5 Amp ( 1Amp)

Rating factor (RF) of 2.0 provides Twice Primary and Secondary rating continuous at 30degrees

STANDARD DATA FROM MANUFACTURER

SHORT TIME TERMINAL RATINGS
Transmission Voltage Applications One Second Rating = 80% Imax Fault, based on IxIxT=K where T=36 cycles & I=Max fault current Distribution Voltage Applications One Second Rating = Maximum Fault Current level

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE DELTA CONNECTD CTs PRODUCE CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE SECONDARY CURRENTS

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN CURRENT RATINGS OF THE ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND TRANSFORMERS.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE RANGES.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR 5A RATED SECONDARY)

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.

RATIO CONSIDERATIONS

FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO CTs SHOULD BE SELECTED WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE ACCURACY CLASS.

TESTING
Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final test before the equipment is put in service. Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 35 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero before turning off the variac.

TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when there is a rise in the test current but not the voltage.

TESTING
Flashing
This test checks the polarity of the CT

Ratio Insulation test