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Computer B
Application Program Network Protocol
Perlunya Protokol
Used for communications between entities in a system Must speak the same language Entities
User applications e-mail facilities terminals
Systems
Computer Terminal Remote sensor
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Perlunya protokol
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Protokol Komunikasi
Definisi Protocol Jaringan:
Semantics
Control information Error handling
Timing
Speed matching Sequencing
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Arsitektur Protokol?
Task of communication broken up into modules For example file transfer could use three modules
File transfer application Communication service module Network access module
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Transport Layer
Reliable data exchange Independent of network being used Independent of application
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Application Layer
Support for different user applications e.g. e-mail, file transfer
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Perlunya Pengalamatan
Two levels of addressing required Each computer needs unique network address Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer needs a unique address within the computer
The service access point or SAP
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Jaringan PDU
Adds network header
network address for destination computer Facilities requests
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Application layer Host to host or transport layer Internet layer Network access layer Physical layer
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Physical Layer
Physical interface between data transmission device (e.g. computer) and transmission medium or network Characteristics of transmission medium Signal levels Data rates etc.
Model TCP/IP
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Model OSI
Open Systems Interconnection Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Seven layers A theoretical system delivered too late! TCP/IP is the de facto standard
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Tujuh Layers ?
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Application Presentation
Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical
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OSI vs TCP/IP
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Layer-layer
Dlm hal tujuan dan tanggung jawab, tiap layer terpisah dan independen Masing-masing punya fungsi sendiri, tetapi juga menyediakan service ke layer di atas dan di bawahnya Model sebagai bantuan utk memahami komunikasi pada jaringan dan berguna dalam memilah kesalahan/troubles yg mungkin terjadi pd jaringan Memungkinkan baik software engineer dan hardware manufacturers menjamin produk mereka bisa bekerja sama
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Kerja layer-layer
NODE A Sending Device Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Supports the communication between applications over the network Presents data to the receiver in a form it recognises Establishes a connection and terminates it when no longer required Acknowledges the flow of data including re-transmission where required Adds the appropriate network addresses to packets NODE B Receiving Devic e Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer
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Functions
Encapsulation Segmentation and reassmebly Connection control Ordered delivery Flow control Error control Addressing Multiplexing Transmission services
Encapsulation
Applicat ion Present at ion Session Transport Net work Dat a Link Physical
P resentation Header
Session Header
SH SH SH SH
TH TH TH
Network Header
NH
DLH NH
Konsep Paket
Tanpa Packet User Data Computer Network User Data
Internet
Packet
TCP/IP Model
User Data
7 layers
4 layers
Host Computer
Host Computer
Network Cable
Network Cable
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Header TCP Layer IP Layer Datalink Layer Physical Layer User Data (User Data Packet) TCP Packet IP Packet Network Layer Frame Physical Layer Frame Packet Encapsulation
TCP Packet
IP Layer
IP Packet
TCP Packet
IP Packet PDU in IP layer
IP Layer
Pd IP protocol layer, informasi pd header TCP Akan ditangani sbg bagian dari user data Packet Encapsulation Segala perubahan pd TCP tdk akan Mempengaruhi disain internal dr IP
Packet Encapsulation:
User Data
User Data
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
NW Internet
Protocol layer yg berkoresponden dp berkomunikasi
Segmentation (Fragmentation)
Data blocks are of bounded size Application layer messages may be large Network packets may be smaller Splitting larger blocks into smaller ones is segmentation (or fragmentation in TCP/IP)
ATM blocks (cells) are 53 octets long Ethernet blocks (frames) are up to 1526 octets long
Why Fragment?
Advantages
More efficient error control More equitable access to network facilities Shorter delays Smaller buffers needed
Disadvantages
Overheads Increased interrupts at receiver More processing time
Connection Control
Connection Establishment Data transfer Connection termination May be connection interruption and recovery Sequence numbers used for
Ordered delivery Flow control Error control
Ordered Delivery
PDUs may traverse different paths through network PDUs may arrive out of order Sequentially number PDUs to allow for ordering
Flow Control
Done by receiving entity Limit amount or rate of data Stop and wait Credit systems
Sliding window
Error Control
Guard against loss or damage Error detection
Sender inserts error detecting bits Receiver checks these bits If OK, acknowledge If error, discard packet
Retransmission
If no acknowledge in given time, re-transmit
Addressing
Addressing level Addressing scope Connection identifiers Addressing mode
Addressing level
Level in architecture at which entity is named Unique address for each end system (computer) and router Network level address
IP or internet address (TCP/IP) Network service access point or NSAP (OSI)
Address Concepts
Addressing Scope
Global nonambiguity
Global address identifies unique system There is only one system with address X
Global applicability
It is possible at any system (any address) to identify any other system (address) by the global address of the other system Address X identifies that system from anywhere on the network
Connection Identifiers
Connection oriented data transfer (virtual circuits) Allocate a connection name during the transfer phase
Reduced overhead as connection identifiers are shorter than global addresses Routing may be fixed and identified by connection name Entities may want multiple connections - multiplexing State information
Addressing Mode
Usually an address refers to a single system
Unicast address Sent to one machine or person
Multiplexing
Supporting multiple connections on one machine Mapping of multiple connections at one level to a single connection at another
Carrying a number of connections on one fiber optic cable Aggregating or bonding ISDN lines to gain bandwidth
Transmission Services
Priority
e.g. control messages
Quality of service
Minimum acceptable throughput Maximum acceptable delay
Security
Access restrictions
Host A
Point-to-point
Host B
NIC
Layer 7
Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1
NIC
Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Datalink Layer Physical Layer
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Jika error tdk dp dikoreksi, memberikan error warning ke network layer Menyediakan Media Access Control (MAC) - Utk shared network, kontrol siapa yg dp menggunakan network Contoh penggunaan bersama Network:
Ring Bus Star (=hub)
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Fungsi Utama:
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Presentation Layer
Compressed Data
Layer 7: Application Layer Fungsi Utama: Interface ke application programs Contoh: Network API (Application Program Interface)
Kesimpulan
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Latihan
Sebutkan kerugian2 dari pendekatan protokol lapisan. Diskusikan kegunaan utk sebuah lapisan network dalam suatu jaringan broadcast. Ketika anda melakukan koneksi internet, alamat apa saja yg digunakan? Hubungan alamat tsb dng layer yg ada di OSI Jika pengecekan error sudah dilakukan hop by hop, kenapa masih perlu pengecekan error antar link?
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