Public Symposium: Challenges ahead on the Road to Cancun 16-18th June 2003 WTO, Geneva

The effects of environmental regulations on developing countries: what are the concerns and what can be done
Veena Jha UNCTAD
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UNCTAD activities
UNCTAD/IDRC Project Standards and Trade
Final meeting: Geneva, 16 and 17 May 2002

UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Environmental Requirements and International Trade

Geneva, 2-4 October 2002

Papers
http://www.unctad.org/trade_env/index.htm
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UNCTAD

reports

An overview paper

Regional scoping paper on South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka)
Regional scoping paper on Central America (in particular Costa Rica) Regional scoping paper on Eastern Africa (Kenya, Mozambique, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda) Scoping paper on organic agriculture (Costa Rica, India and Uganda)
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Case studies: South Asia

Fishery products India (other countries) HACCP standards Bangladesh (Aug97) EU bans on exports of fishery India (May97 & Aug97) products Peanuts India Aflatoxin standards: setting national standards and promoting indigenous development of technology

Rice
Spices Tea Organic food products

India
India, Sri Lanka India India

Standards for pesticide residues

Aflatoxin standards and other SPS measures Meeting standards on pesticide residues Standard-setting, certification, exports and institutional support
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Case studies: Central America

Poultry Costa Rica (and other Central American Effects of (a) the application of US SPS regulations concerning specific avian diseases (New castle disease) and (b) HACCP requirements on exports to the US and intra-Central American trade. Policy responses. US measures concerning imports of shrimp (turtle excluder devices).

Shrimp

Costa Rica

Organic food products

Costa Rica

Standard-setting, certification, exports and institutional support

Case studies: Africa

Fishery products Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (1997): Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda (1997) Regulation 91/493/EEC EU Import ban: presence of salmonellae in nile perch from Lake Victoria EU Import ban: outbreak of cholera

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (1999)

Peanuts Kenya

EU Import ban: fish poisoning in Lake Victoria

Kenya : EU regulation on pesticide application (Maximum Residue Levels, MRLs) Standard-setting, certification, exports and institutional support
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Organic food products

Uganda

Expert Meeting on Environmental Requirements and International Trade

2-4 October 2002
Environmental and health requirements (SPS measures) Chairmans summary (TD/B/COM.1/EM.19/3) Commission on Trade (3-7 February 2003)

http://www.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/meetings/envreq.htm 7

Environmental requirements
Standards (voluntary) and technical regulations (mandatory)

Labelling requirements (either mandatory or voluntary, such as eco-labelling),

Packaging Product taxes and charges Take-back obligations Informal (non-government) requirements Quotas and Non Automatic Licensing (to implement MEAs)
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Environmental requirements
Voluntary measures and private sector standards appear to be much more frequent than Government environmental product regulations. These include: Standards, codes and benchmarks

Supply chain management

There are only few international standards for environmental regulations

More stringent and complex

Environmental requirements are becoming more frequent
growing evidence of harmful environmental effects of certain substances changes in consumer preferences

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More stringent and complex: examples

Draft Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy in the EU point to the imminent introduction of legislation that implements a precautionary approach
Stakeholders' Conference on the Commission's White Paper on the Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy, Brussels, 2 April 2002

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More stringent and complex: examples

EU Directive 2000/53/EC on End-of-Life Vehicles
Aimed at sound management of scrapped vehicles Implications for material selection, use of hazardous materials, the use of recyclable and/or bio-degradable material as well as design for recycling.

Japanese market, significant initiatives:

The recycling-oriented economy framework Launch of the Green Purchasing Act
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Implications for market access

Concerns of developing countries: Many standards perceived as overly stringent or complex Frequent changes (never catch up) Scientific justification insufficient Standardes often fail to take into account the conditions of developing countries

Way a measure is implemented may discriminate (GATT/WTO dispute settlement mechanism)

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Structural weaknesses
Lack of awareness Management of information Poor infrastructure SMEs Lack of finance Lack of institutional capacity Insufficient access to technology Standard-takers rather than standardsetters
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Sectors
Most studies done by UNCTAD refer to:

Agricultural and fisheries products Leather and textiles Forestry products Electronics
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Agricultural products
Drivers:
Advancements in food safety sciences and growing public awareness of health safety issues Following food scares, consumers expect retailers, through their purchasing practices, to supplement Government regulations for ensuring food safety.

Consumers and retailers are demanding more transparency, traceability and quality assurance in the food chain
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Agricultural and fisheries products: concerns

HACCP (which has environmental aspects): may be expensive for small producers Aflatoxin: compliance and testing may be very expensive (issues such as science and proportionality) MRL levels in food products: too stringent for tropical conditions? Developments in cut flowers Fishery products: large funds required to establish infrastructure and build institutions
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Agricultural and fisheries products: concerns

Cuba, honey and coffee: lack of in-country technical capacity to verify compliance with the very low MRL limits required under EU regulation 2377/EC. Peru: traditional foods are now subject to complex import regulations (EU regulation 258/97 on Novel Food and Novel Food Ingredients) due simply to their exogeniety Caribbean countries: similar problems in exporting certain traditional food products to the US market, because MRL levels have not been defined
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Leather and textiles, concerns

India Bans on products containing traces of azo dyes, pentachlorophenol (PCP), other harmful amines and other substances Eco-labels, based on life cycle analysis, buyers requirements and ISO standards Animal rights issues (leather) Pakistan With phasing out quantitative restrictions, quality standards and environment-related requirements of buyers in developed countries become more stringent 19

Leather and textiles, implications

South Asian Problems of SMEs India: Substitutes 2.5 times more expensive than azo dyes Azo-free dyeing 15 to 20 per cent more expensive High Costs of testing Nepal: Weak regulatory and institutional framework to address problems faced by the export industry
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Leather and textiles, national responses

India The Government of India (GoI) has banned 112 harmful azo dyes. pro-active role of Pollution Control Boards: norms for effluent treatment. Dissemination of information and development of eco-standards. The GoI has established a Technology Upgradation Fund, strengthened testing laboratories and been assisting textile units in securing certification
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Leather and textiles, national responses

Pakistan Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Improvement Plans Environment Technology Programme for Industry of the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FPCCI) Nepal Joint initiative with the Governments of Finland to improve environmental performance and promote environmental labelling in certain export industries.
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Electronics
EU: The Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) Directive Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Green Purchasing Law (GPL) The Draft Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy Japan Recycling regulations
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Electronics: implications
Since manufacturing of electronics components and other products are being increasingly outsourced to developing countries, companies and governments in these countries need to promote proactive policies with regard to information gathering/management and product engineering/design Developing country companies should also seek cooperation with transnational corporations and obtain information from customers 24

Electronics
Thailand
A high-level subcommittee set up under the National Committee for International Trade and Economic Policy to monitor the development of the EU WEEE and RoHS directives and propose a plan of action The subcommittee has commissioned a study to investigate the specific implications and adjustment requirements

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Developmental aspects
Environmental requirements that adversely affect market access can have a negative effect on development and poverty alleviation There can be longer term advantages from trade-induced shifts to more stringent standards in terms of greater resource efficiency, higher occupational safety, improved health conditions and less environmental pollution There may be trade-offs especially in resource-constraint countries 26

Developmental aspects
SME development WTO issues
Special and differential treatment (S&D) Technical assistance Notification Transfer of technology

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Action at national level

Raise awareness (gov., private sector) Dissemination of standard-related information, early warning system Strengthen national and regional institutions to conduct risk analysis and testing; monitor enforcement of standards and carry out certification. R&D, innovation and enterprise development Promote business partnerships SMEs
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Action international community and WTO

Bilateral cooperation Participation and adequate time to adjust Information dissemination Promoting harmonization and mutual recognition of product standards and regulations based on equivalence in the WTO Standards developed without involvement of producing and consuming countries should have a default assumption of being discriminatory to trade.
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Aid agencies

Strengthen capacities and assist developing countries to become standard setters Assist developing countries in their participation in the work of international standardization bodies

National/regional cooperation Cases where developing countries have successfully enhanced their participation?

Best practices on appropriate involvement of key trading partners in setting of environmental standards and regulations Early warning systems
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Technical assistance

Large range of programmes Piecemeal? Often emerges when developing countries face problems in meeting requirements of importing countries Long-term Link TC/CB to enhance capacities to comply with environmental standards with broader TC/CB to enhance export comptetiveness
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Consultative mechanism
To support: Research on new trends in environmental requirements and likely implications for products of export interest to developing countries

Information management and dissemination

Pro-active adjustment strategies in exporting developing countries

Strategies for SMEs

Reliable statistical information to facilitate support policy-oriented research
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