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Review How are Properties Defined Introduction to Viscoelasticity Simple Material Models Strain Rate and Temperature Effects
Review
Basic definitions: thermoplastic, thermoset, elastomer. Lets talk about the kind of mechanical behavior seen in polymers.
1. Stiffness, E 2. Strength 3. Ductility
Mechanical Properties
i.e. stress-strain behavior of polymers
brittle polymer
FS of polymer ca. 10% that of metals
plastic
elastomer
elastic modulus less than metal
Strains deformations > 1000% possible (for metals, maximum strain ca. 10% or less)
(MPa)
80 60 40 20 60C 0 0 0.1 0.2 to 1.3 0.3 4C 20C 40C
Adapted from Fig. 15.3, Callister 7e. (Fig. 15.3 is from T.S. Carswell and J.K. Nason, 'Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Organic Plastics", Symposium on Plastics, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1944.)
Increasing temp
strain
Introduction to Viscoelasticity
Some features that are observed in polymeric materials that do not seem to be noticeable in metals or ceramics 1. Mechanical properties depend on Temperature 2. Mechanical properties depend on Strain Rate 3. Creep (noticed in metals at high temperatures) 4. Stress Relaxation 5. Hysteresis
Creep
Take a tension specimen made from a polymer and and put on a series of constant stresses on it. We observe
Creep: Progressive strain (deformation) over time at constant stress (load), usually at high temperatures
Creep Test
We instantly load with constant stress for a certain time, and instantly unload.
Note that both linear elastic and viscous fluid behaviors are present. Note that there seems to be some residual strain at the end, i.e. the material does not completely recover. There is both elasticity and plasticity.
Creep of PEEK
Write down two examples of parts that see constant tensile or bending load.
Stress Relaxation
Think of a polymer specimen loaded with a constant strain.
Note that both linear elastic and viscous fluid behaviors are present. Note that there seems to be some residual stress at the end, i.e. the material does not completely recover. There is both elasticity and plasticity.
Stress Relaxation: Progressive loss of stress (load) over time under constant strain (deformation), usually at high temperatures
Effect of Temperature: Glass Transition Temperature Or why does Garden Hose behave the way it does?
Tg and Tm
Hysteresis
Polymers often dont load and unload on the same line on the stress-strain curve. The difference in areas under those curves represents energy loss (often to heat). This means that polymers can have inherent energy damping. This means plastic springs may not be as good an idea as plastic dampers.
Hysteresis in Delrin
Takeaways
Yield and Ultimate Strength are defined differently for polymers. Polymers have time and temperature dependent properties (viscoelasticity)
Creep Stress Relaxation Tg, Tm Hysteresis