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CONTENT
Overview of Bluetooth History The Bluetooth Specifications Typical Bluetooth Scenario Protocols Profiles Security Comparison with other technologies
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Future of Bluetooth
Summary
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What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a
low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.
One of the first modules (Ericsson) A recent module
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Ultimate Headset
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Cordless Computer
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Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points Wireless telematics
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5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in 1998. First specification released in July 1999.
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Timeline
1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision 1995 : Engineering work begins
2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters 2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1 2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2 2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
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Technical features
Connection Type Spectrum Modulation Transmission Power Data Rate Range Supported Stations Data Security Authentication Key Data Security Encryption Key Module size
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Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping) & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec) 2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of spectrum = 79 channels) Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying 1 mw 100 mw 1 Mbps 30 ft 8 devices 128 bit key 8-128 bits (configurable) 9 x 9 mm
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Bluetooth FHSS
Employs frequency hopping
spread spectrum
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Classification
Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated &
corresponding maximum Range.
POWER
CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III 20 dBm 0-4 dBm 0 dBm
RANGE
100 m 10 m 1m
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Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves (max 7) m
Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to which users synchronize to
s
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Piconet Structure
Master Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
All devices in piconet hop together. Masters ID and masters clock determines frequency hopping sequence & phase.
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Baseband
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Baseband
Addressing
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR)
48 bit IEEE MAC address
Packet Structure
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits
Access Code
Header
Payload
Voice
Data
CRC
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Inquiry
Page
Connected
Park
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Hold
Sniff
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Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of the other It follows paging process No knowledge about the other Then it follows inquiring & paging process
Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for attaching slaves & connection establishment
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Seven sub-states
Inquiry Inquiry scan Inquiry response Page Page scan Master response
Slave response
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Channel Control
All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master The master uses polling process for this The master is the first device which starts the connection This roles can change (master-slave role switch)
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L2CAP
Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities Segmentation & reassembly of large packets L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.
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Applications
IP RFCOMM
Data
L2CAP Link Manager
Baseband RF
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TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.
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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0
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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1
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Profile provides:
Enhanced client-server interactions: - browse, create, transfer folders - browse, pull, push, delete files
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Headset Profile
Profile provides:
Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection & accept/terminate calls. Volume can be controlled from either device. Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.
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TV/VCR/DVD
Access Points Telephone Answering Devices Cordless Phones Cars
PDAs
Other handheld devices Cell phones
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Other Products
2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430
hands free calls
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Security
Security Measures
Link Level Encryption & Authentication. Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access. Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys). These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain information known to the device, can generate the keys. Further encryption can be done at the application layer.
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A Comparison
WLAN
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IrD
Point to point Intended for Data Communication Infrared, LOS communication Can not penetrate solid objects Both devices must be stationary, for synchronization Range 1 m
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Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into
consumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Summary
A new global standard for data and voice Eliminate Cables Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal resource allocation and utilization. Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage.
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Thank You
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