The Interior of Stars I

Overview Hydrostatic Equilibrium Pressure Equation of State Stellar Energy Sources

Next lecture Energy Transport and Thermodynamics Stellar Model Building The Main Sequence

The Interior of Stars I

Calculate This!!! Use Knowledge of: Thermodynamics Properties of light and how it interacts with matter Nuclear Fusion Basic Parameters of Star M: Mass L: Luminosity Te: Effective Surface Temperature R: Radius

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Thermal Equilibrium

Opacity

Energy Transport: Radiative Transport

Energy Transport: Convection

Energy Generation: Thermonuclear Fusion

E = mc

Binding Energy of Nuclei can be released in the form of Energy (photons,)

Overview: Equations of Stellar Structure

Pressure

HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
Mass

GEOMETRY/ DEFINITION OF DENSITY NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Luminosity

Temperature

THERMODYNAMICS (ENERGY TRANSPORT)

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lec tures/lec22.html

Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Lets determine the internal structure of stars!!! Some guidance: Hydrostatic Equilibrium: Balance between gravitational attraction and outward pressure

Gravity

Pressure Gradient

Net Force on Cylinder

Derivation of Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Substituting 10.2 and 10.3 into 10.1

Density of Gas Cylinder

Gives

Dividing by volume of cylinder

If star is static, we then obtain:

Pressure Gradient for hydrostatic equilibrium

The Equation of Mass Conservation

Relationship between mass, density and radius Mass of shell at distance r

Where is the local density of the gas at radius r.

Rearranging we obtain

Pressure Equation of State

Where does the pressure come from? How is it described? Equation of State relates pressure to other fundamental parameters of the material Example: Ideal Gas Law

What is the distribution of particle momenta?

Derivation of the Pressure Integral for a cylinder of gas of length x and area A Newtons 2nd law Impulse delivered to wall

px v x
The average force per particle is then If the number of particles with momenta between p and p+dp is Npdp. Then the total number of particles in the cylinder is

Average force exerted on wall by a single particle

Contribution to the total force by all particles in the momentum range p and p+dp is

Pressure Equation of state

The Ideal Gas Law in Terms of the Mean Molecular Weight
Integrating over all possible values of momenta the total Force is: Recast in terms of velocities for nonrelativistic particles with p=mv

Dividing both sides by the surface area of the wall A gives the pressure P=F/A. Noting that V=Ax and defining npdp to be the number of particles per unit volume

In the case of an Ideal Gas the velocity distribution is given by the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution

Particle number density is We find that the pressure exerted on the wall is: Substituting into Pressure integral we obtain

Pressure Integral

Given the distribution function npdp. The pressure can be computed

Pressure Equation of state

The Ideal Gas Law in Terms of the Mean Molecular Weight
Expressing particle number density in terms of mass density and mean particle mass

The Ideal gas law becomes

Mean Molecular Weight

Re-expressing in terms of mean molecular weight

Mean Molecular Weight

The mean molecular weight depends on the composition of the gas as well as the state of ionization for each species. For completely neutral of completely ionized the calculation simplifies. For Completely neutral For completely ionized gases, we have

Where (1+zj) accounts for the nucleus plus the number of free electrons that result from completely ionizing an atom of type j

Dividing by mH

Mean Molecular Weight

Re-expressing using that for a neutral gas Thus for a neutral gas

Mean Molecular Weight

http://astro.wsu.edu/models/calc/XYZ.html

The Average Kinetic Energy Per Particle

Combining 10.10 and 10.9 we see that

This can be re-written as:

For the maxwell-boltzmann distribution

Hence the average kinetic energy per particle is

3 from 3 degrees of freedom from 3d space

Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics
Classical distribution of energy of particles in thermal equilibrium

Fermi-Dirac Statistics
Particles of half-integral spin are known as Fermions and satisfy fermi-dirac statistics Some Fermions: electrons,protons,neutrons Influences Pressure.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics

Bose-Einstein Statistics
Particles of integral spin are known as Bosons and satisfy Bose-Einstein statistics
Photons are Bosons Influences Pressure.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics
http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BoseEinsteinFermiDiracAndMaxwellBoltzmannStatistics/

The Contributions due to Radiation Pressure

Because photons possess momentum they can generate a pressure on other particles during absorption or reflection The Pressure integral can be generalized to photons

Total Pressure=Gas Pressure+Radiation Pressure

In terms of energy density

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/starlog/staradpre.html#c1

For a blackbody distribution one has

Stellar Energy Sources

Gravitation and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Timescale
One likely source of stellar energy is gravitational potential energy. Graviational potential energy between two particles is Where is the mass densityThus

Integrating over all mass shells from the center to the surface

Gravitational force on a point particle dmi located outside of a spherically symmetric mass Mr is:

The potential energy is then

Consider a shell with

Gravitation and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Timescale

Gravitation and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Timescale

Energy Generation: Thermonuclear Fusion

E = mc

Binding Energy of Nuclei can be released in the form of Energy (photons,)

Curve of Binding Energy

Fusion is an exothermic process until Iron

The Nuclear Timescale

The binding energy of He nucleus is

This energy can be released thru a process in which 4 protons are combined into a He nucleus through the process known as Fusion. This particular reaction can occur through several processes p-p chain, CNO cycle,. How much energy is available in a star from this fusion process?

Nuclear Timescale