Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Topics covered
World scenario Terminologies Types of Offshore structures Major Failures an historical perspective Types of major loads Environmental loads Types of welded connections Types of Stresses Concept of Stress state Theories of Static failure Stress Concentration
World scenario
Crude oil is often mixed with gases, water and sand. It forms an emulsion with the water
World scenario
World oil production in 1988 was 63 million barrel/day Contribution of offshore oil production in the year 1988 to the world energy consumption was 9% and is estimated to be 35% in 2010 Investment costs per Barrel per day $/B/D Production costs per Barrel$/B
Condition
Conventional
Average
Middle East Non-Opec
4000 - 8000
500 - 3000 3000 - 12000
5
1 8
Offshore
North Sea Deepwater 10000 - 25000 15000 - 35000 5 - 10 10 - 15
World scenario
The economic feasibility of an offshore project depends on many aspects: capital expenditure (CAPEX), tax, royalties, operational expenditure (OPEX) In a typical offshore field development, one third of the CAPEX is spent on the platform, one third on the drilling of wells and one third on the pipelines
Cost estimates are usually prepared in a deterministic approach. The major elements in the CAPEX for an offshore platform are: project management and design material and equipment procurement fabrication transport and installation hook-up and commissioning.
World scenario
In a typical Offshore system, approximately 20 percent of OPEX are required for offshore inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR). The amount to be spent on IMR over the project life can add up to approximately half the original investment. IMR is the area in which the structural engineer makes a contribution by effort in design, selection of material, improved corrosion protection, accessibility, basic provisions for scaffolding, avoiding jacket attachments dangerous to divers, etc.
World scenario
Terminologies
Terminology G.B.S. Description Gravity based structure, sitting flatly on the sea bottom, stable through its weight. Tubular sub-structure under a topside, standing in the water and pile founded. The operation of bringing the object (module, jacket, deck) from the quay onto the transportation barge. Vertical pipes from topside down to 5-10 m below water level for intake or discharge.
JACKET
LOAD-OUT
CAISSONS or SUMPS
TOPSIDE or Compact offshore process plant, with all SUPERSTRUCTURE auxiliaries, positioned above the waves
Terminologies
Terminology
SLINGS
Description
Cables with spliced eyed at both ends, for offshore lifting, the upper end resting in the crane hook. Tubular frame, used in lifting operation Thick-walled tubular stubs, directly receiving slings and transversely welded to the main structure. Thick-walled plate with hole, receiving the pin of the shackle, welded to the main structure. The piping section which rises from the sea bed to topside level.
SPREADER
PADEARS (TRUNNIONS)
PADEYES
PIPELINE RISER
Terminologies
Terminology
SUBSEA TEMPLATE
Description
Structure at sea-bottom, to guide conductors prior to jacket installation. Bringing the jacket in vertical position, prior to set down on the sea bottom. Area in topside where the wellheads are positioned including the valves mounted on its top. Connecting components or systems, after installation offshore. The structure to keep the object rigidly connected to the barge during transport.
UP ENDING
WELLHEAD AREA
HOOK-UP
SEA-FASTENING
Fixed Platforms
Fixed Platforms
Fixed Platforms
Mars tension leg platform, on location in Mississippi Canyon block 807 in 2940ft of water
Mooring system is a set of tension legs or tendons attached to the platform and connected to a template or foundation on the seafloor.
Template held in place by piles driven into seafloor. This method dampens the vertical motions of the platform, but allows for horizontal movements. Topside facilities (processing facilities, pipelines, and surface trees) of the TLP are same as for a conventional platform
Floating Platform
Types of Off shore Oil Platforms A fixed platform may be described as consisting of two main components, the substructure and the superstructure.
Superstructure: also referred as the 'topsides' supported on a deck, which is fixed (mounted) on the jacket structure. These consist of a series of modules which house drilling equipment, production equipment including gas turbine, generating sets, pumps, compressors, a gas flare stack, revolving cranes, survival craft, helicopter pad and living quarters with hotel and catering facilities. It can weigh up to 40,000 tonnes.
Substructure: is either a steel tubular jacket or a prestressed concrete structure. Most fixed offshore oil and gas production platforms have a steel jacket although a small number of platforms have a concrete foundation. Each platform is uniquely designed for the particular reservoir condition, location, water depth, soil characteristics, wind, wave and marine current conditions. Fixed steel and concrete platforms can be built in water depth from a few meters to more than 300 m.
A fixed platform (FP) is supported by piles driven into the seabed and is economically feasible for water depths up to 1,500 feet.
These rigs take the basic idea of the fixed platform and make it viable to operate in depths of 1,500 feet to 3,500 feet (457 meters to 914 meters). The design achieves this by relying on a narrower tower of steel and concrete. But while fixed platform designs are rigid, compliant towers are designed to sway and move with the stresses of wind and sea -even hurricanes. In this respect, they're much like modern skyscrapers that are built to sway with the wind.
The compliant tower (CT) is a narrow, flexible tower that can operate in water depths of up to 3,000 feet. The Sea Star or floating mini tension leg structure is suitable for smaller reservoirs and operates in water depths up to 3,500 feet.