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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells

David Toub
ECE423 12/16/06

Agenda
Introduction Functionality Semiconductor Properties VTC Efficiency and PV Design Auxiliary Design Applications Research Conclusions

Introduction
Clean Energy PV System Cells Energy storage Charge Controller AC/DC converter

Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

Functionality
pn diode No illumination
Diode behavior e, h separated

Illumination

Photovoltaics. Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06.

Incident photons create e-h pairs E fielde-h pairs separate

Semiconductor
Absolute 0 Perfect insulator Temp increases conduction increases External energy raises temperature

Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

VTC
Performance Limits Pm = Vmax x Imax Incorporate load

Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

Energy Conversion Efficiency


=Pm/(E x Ac) Primary Challenge Incident photons
Ep<Ebg Elost Ep>Ebg Ee- + Elost Ep=Ebg Ee-

Silicon tradeoff
High bg loss Low bg E, V reduced Optimal at bg=1.4eV

Loss Tradeoffs
Cell Top
Must be transparent Too thin bad conduction

Cell Interior grid


Large grid helps e-s Large grid blocks photons

Auxiliary Design
Heavy modules
structural stress Wind tension

Pollution Fan Example


Speed Acceleration Without illumination

E/V Ah

Applications
Electric grid extensions not offered Clean Solar powered house Water pumping systems Garden lights Automobiles Source utility grid Satellites, shuttles
Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004

Research
Thin Film
Cheap Increased unit loss Multilayer Efficiency

Nanocrystalline
Thin film + mesoporous MO Increased internal reflection Great efficiency expensive

Conclusions
Environmentally benign Inefficient uncommon Still fuel Future Efficiency increasing Cheaper

References
Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004 F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell. -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183-185 Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986 Harmon, C. Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology. IIASA Publications. 2000. Photovoltaics. Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06. Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 288 p. Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 , Pages 129 138. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1991. American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286-287 American Association of Physics Teachers. March 1993 ORegan, B. & Grtzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737740 (1991). McCann,MichelleJ. Catchpole,KylieR. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001 Shah, A. Torres, P., Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland

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