WATER (Prevention and Control of Pollution) ACT

The Water Act was enacted by Parliament Act, 1974 purpose to provide for the prevention of control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. As on day, it is applicable in all the states of India. In this act, unless the context, otherwise requires (i) Occupier (ii) Outlet (iii) Pollution (iv) Trade effluent

Introduction

An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.

What is it for???????

It provides for maintenance and restoration of quality of all types of surface and ground water. It provides for the establishment of central and state boards of pollution control. It confers them with powers and functions to control pollution. It has provision for funds, budgets, accounts and audit of the central and state pollution control boards. It also makes provision for various penalties for the defaulters and procedure Features for the same. of Act
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It applies in the first instance to the whole of the States of Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal and the Union Territories.

Application and Commencement

It is the main governmental organization at central level for prevention and control of water pollution.

Central Pollution Control Board

It advises the central government in matters related to prevention and control of water pollution. All the state pollution control boards (SPCBs) are guided and technically assisted by CPCB. It organizes training programs for prevention and control of pollution at various places (seminars).

CPCBs Objectives

It also organizes comprehensive programs on pollution related issues through mass media. It collects, compiles and publishes technical and statistical data related to pollution. It prepares manuals for treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents. Lays down standards for water quality parameters.

CPCBs Objectives

It plans nation-wide programs for prevention, control or abatement of pollution. It establishes and recognizes laboratories for analysis of water, sewage or trade effluent samples.

CPCBs Objectives

The state pollution control boards (SPCBs) also have similar functions to be executed at state level and are governed by the directions of CPCB.

STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

The board advices the state government with respect to the locations of any industry that might pollute a stream, well or any water body. It lays down standard for effluents and is empowered to take samples from any stream, well or trade effluent or sewage passing through an industry.

SPCBs objectives

SPCBs objectives

The state board is empowered to take legal samples of trade effluent in accordance with the procedure laid down in the act. The sample taken in the presence of the occupier or his agent is divided into 2 parts, sealed, signed by both parties and sent for analysis to some recognized labs. If the samples do not conform to the prescribed water quality standards (crossing maximum permissible limits), then consent is refused to the unit.

Every industry has to obtain consent from the Board (granted for a fixed duration) by applying on a prescribed Proforma providing all technical details, along with a prescribed fee following which analysis of the effluent is carried out. l The Board suggests efficient methods for utilization, treatment and disposal of trade effluents.

Spcbs objectives

CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for prioritising pollution control efforts in 1988-89. The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during 1992-93. The list is now revised to include 86 stretches. The concerned State Pollution Control Boards were asked to take adequate measures to restore the desired level. Identification of Polluted

Water Bodies

CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to formulation of action plan for restoration of the water body. Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by interception, diversion and treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns located along the river. Based on the experience gained during implementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river cleaning programme to other rivers and lakes. River action plan

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY

Urban sources National River Action Plan Industrial Sources through consent ( SPCB) Special Drives: 17 categories of industries Industries discharging into rivers and lakes 24 Problem areas action plan Environmental auditing Common effluent treatment plants for cluster of SSI units (124) Promotion of low-waste and no-waste technology

Department of Environment, in december 1984, prepared an action plan for immediate reduction of pollution load on the river Ganga. The Cabinet approved the GAP (Ganga Action Plan)in April 1985 as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored scheme.

To oversee the implementation of the GAP and to lay down policies and programmes, Government of India constituted the CGA (Central Ganga Authority)in February 1985, renamed as the NRCA (National River Conservation Authority)in September 1995, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. The Government also established the GPD (Ganga Project Directorate)in June 1985 as a wing of Department of Environment, to execute the projects under the guidance and supervision of the CGA. The Government renamed the GPD as the NRCD (National River Conservation Directorate)in June 1994.

The GAP-I envisaged to intercept, divert and treat 882 mld (Million litres per day) out of 1340 mld of wastewater, generated in 25 class-I towns in 3 States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The NRCD had scheduled the GAP-I for completion by March 1990, but extended it progressively up to March 2000. While the GAP-I was still in progress, the CGA decided in February 1991 to take up the GAP-II, covering the following pollution abatement works:
On the tributaries of river Ganga, viz. Yamuna, Damodar and Gomati.

(a)

(b) In 25 class-I towns left out in Phase-I. (c) In the other polluting towns along the river.

GAP I

The CCEA (Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs) approved the GAP-II in various stages during April 1993 to October 1996 . The States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Delhi and Haryana were to implement the GAP-II by treating 1912 mld of sewage. GAP-II is scheduled for completion by December 2001.

GAP II

Approved outlays for the GAP-I and the GAP-II were Rs 462.04 crore and Rs 1276.25 crore respectively. The Central Government was to bear the entire expenditure on schemes under the GAP-I, and to share it equally with the States in the GAP-II. The Government of India decided in November 1998 to bear the entire expenditure on schemes from April 1997, as the States found it difficult to provide their matching share.

Financial profile

The table below shows the numbers of selected towns in the States.
River GAP-I Ganga GAP-II Ganga 16 10 23 *49 6 4 15 25 No of towns UP Bihar WB Haryana Delhi Total

Yamuna
Gomati Damodar Total

8
3 8 33 22 4 42

12

**21
3 12

12

110

Selection of towns

Sewage collection system partial or nonexistence Interception and diversion of drains monsoon runoff Operation and maintenance of STPs Power supply Skilled manpower

Experience from Ganga Action Plan

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High organic load - distilleries

High TDS - pharmaceuticals, pesticides, rayon, dye and dye intermediates

Small scale industries - location (residential areas), inadequate resources, skill etc. Problem with CETPs

Experience from industries

Noise pollution is unwanted humancreated sound that disrupts the environment. The dominant form of noise pollution is from transportation sources, principally motor vehicles, referred to as environmental noise. Examples of Noise Pollution: Loudspeakers Aircrafts

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is unwanted humancreated sound that disrupts the environment. The dominant form of noise pollution is from transportation sources, principally motor vehicles, referred to as environmental noise. Examples of Noise Pollution: Loudspeakers Aircrafts

Noise Pollution

1.Jet planes.

2.Loud speakers and other loud speaking things.

3.Cinema halls.

4.Factories
5.Road traffic

1.We should not use loud speakers.

2.Factories should be made out of the city. 3.There should be not more noise making vehicles on the roads.

Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices, mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes . Examples of Land pollution : Soil Pollution Waste Disposal

Land Pollution

1.People Cut forest for furniture.

2.Plastic is the main source of land pollution. 3.People throw house garbage on roads. 4.Some industries throw their waste on land.

1.People should not cut trees for making furniture. 2.People should not throw garbage on land. 3.Plastic bags should be avoided for prevention of land pollution. 4.Industries should not throw there waste on land.

Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. Resulting in a change of the soil quality likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.

CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

Soil erosion/degradation is the loss of top soil erodes fertility of soil & reduces its water-holding capacity. Excessive farming, construction, overgrazing, burning of grass cover and deforestation Excess salts and water (Salinization) : Excessive use of fertilizers & pesticides Solid waste

First effect of pollutants

Washed away: might accumulates somewhere Evaporate: can be a source of air pollution Infiltrate through the unsaturated soil to the groundwater DDT: fat soluble, stored in fatty tissues

Agent orange: code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants (results in leaf fall) used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, During the Vietnam War,
between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed 20,000,000 US gallons (80,000,000 L) of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam anti fertility, skin problems, cancer

Interferes with calcium metabolism Results in thin egg shells in birds

Control of soil pollution

Use of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized. Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds. Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes. Controlled grazing and forest management. Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind erosion Afforestation and reforestation. 3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle

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Information needed to clean up materials added to soil

Kind of material-organic or inorganic- is the material biodegradable/ dangerous to animals & humans How much material was added to the soil, will it overload the organisms in the soil C:N ratio of the pollutant material Nature of soil: will the soil be able to handle the material before groundwater is contaminated Growing conditions for the soil organisms: - is it too cold, too wet etc. How long the material has been on site: is there evidence of environmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition. Immediate danger to people & environment: Urgency of the situation.

 The introduction by man, Marine pollution

directly, or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine environment resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities. Does not include natural processes like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes

Marine pollutants

Agricultural run offs ((herbicides, pesticides and nutrients) Sediments Sewage (Faecal Coliform and Pathogens) Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances Persistent toxins (PCBs, DDT, heavy metals) Oil Plastics Energy (Thermal & light)

Sources of marine pollution

Land sources 80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land based activities pipes discharging directly into marine waters(sewage, industrial, chemical and food processing wastes) Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants from the entire catchment area. From Air Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air discharges Oil spills and offshore sources Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge water during routine ship operations and illegal dumping of solid waste Designated dumping grounds at sea Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous substances, oil, gas etc.

Effects of marine pollution:

Effects on sea life Effects on birds

Effects on human being

Health Business

Eutrophication and development of red tides

(phytoplankton blooms carrying red pigmentation) Development of oil slick: When oil is spilled on sea, it

spreads over the surface forming a thin film called OIL

SLICK. Which damage marine life

Effects of marine pollution

Damages marine life to a large extent, for salt-marsh plants, oil slicks can affect flowering, fruiting and germination. Coral reefs If liquid oil contaminates a birds plumage, its waterrepellent properties are lost, drown, die Drill cuttings dumped on seabed create anoxic conditions & result in the production of toxic sulphides in the bottom sediment thus eliminating the benthic fauna.

Fish and shellfish production facilities can also be affected by oil slicks. Commercial damage is tainting: imparts an unpleasant flavor to fish and seafood & is detectable even at extremely low levels of contamination.

Thank you