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1. Psychology Objectives:
Students should be able to explain and discuss: a) Definition of psychology b) Objectives of psychology c) Current models in psychology d) Psychology in dentistry
Major Foci
Psychology has had several major foci: It began as the science of mental life. In the 1920s to 1960s, the definition focused on the science of observable behavior. In the 1960s, there was a reemphasis on mind and mental processes. It became the science of behavior and mental processes. The latter part of the 1960s also ushered in the focus on the study of animal behavior and development of animals.
a) Definition of psychology
Psychology The word psychology literally means, "study of the soul it is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.
b) Objectives of psychology
Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. 1, 2 Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors.5
Objectives of Psychology
TO STUDY PHENOMENON
--to understand behavior or events --to make descriptions --to provide explanations --to make predictions
TO INTERPRET FINDINGS
--to modify behavior and mental processes --to develop theories
Goals of Psychology
Roles of Psychologists
To conduct or engage in pure (original) research. To discover practical applications to research -- ways to apply findings in real life settings (Applied Research). To conduct counseling and therapy. Consulting and diagnosing occurs in many aspects and sub fields of psychology. Teaching. Observations (occurs in many aspects and sub fields of psychology). Evaluation and Assessment (individual, group, large-scale, national and international)
Neuroscience.
Examines such issues as how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experience (Myers, 2007) Developed tools to study structure and function of nerve cells, roles of various parts of the brain, how genetic and other biological processes contribute to behavior and mental processes
Neuroscience question
What chemical reactions occur in our brains and bodies as a result of stimulations and what reactions do they cause?
Your right hemisphere tries to say the colour but the left hems insists on reading the word.
Behaviorism: Theoretical orientation based on the premise that psychology should study only observable behavior.
Dominated psychology and psychological research for many years. Focuses on the observance of outward behavior rather than the inner workings of mind. Our understanding of how people learn new behaviors. We adapt our behavior based on rewards We learn through experience Behavior can be changed
thoughts
play in determining
behavior.
Investigates
understanding on behavior.
Studies
how
we
process
information
through
perception, attention,
Past experiences make the difference between one person's perception and another's.
environment?
Nature Genetics / heredity / biology The extent behavior is determined by our genetic endowment
Nurture Environment
The extent behavior is determined by the environment in which it occurs
"Nurture works on what nature endows, Genetics sets the limits of capability Environment determines where within those limits you will fall
"Rainbow" and "CC"
Are genes or environment most influential in determining the behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
Most scientists now agree that both genes and environment play crucial roles in most human behaviors, and yet we still have much to learn about how nature (our biological makeup) and nurture (the experiences that we have during our lives) work together (Harris, 1998; Pinker, 2002). Nature and nurture interact in complex ways, making the question of Is it nature or is it nurture? very difficult to answer
men and women, or are men and women by and large similar?
And what about people from different ethnicities and cultures? Are people around the world generally the same, or are they influenced by their backgrounds and environments in different ways?
d) Psychology in dentistry
Dental health care is a two-person endeavor. Barriers or resistances to dental care from the healthcare professional ( stress, concerns about fee, time pressure). How to reduce professional stress Concerns about fee, time, stress in both sides. Special systems for conducting effective interviews for differentiating between phobic or anxious patient and for recognizing avoidance behavior.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1st
oral self-care and other routine care is critical to the maintenance of oral health, and to general health as well. Psychology as the science of behavior gives us insight into how we can help people develop and maintain those skills.
2nd
Dental students must have excellent communications skills and be able to develop rapport rapidly. 10% to 30% of the population worldwide has dental fears or anxiety. For both items, psychology offers knowledge and techniques for enhancing the care of patients.
Eitner et al., 2006Lahti et al., 2007
3 rd
We sometimes think that dentistry is all about removing short-term pain, but we forget about the 10% to 15% of the population who experience chronic temporomandibular disorders, other facial pains, or neuralgias. Oral parafunctional behaviors like
clenching and grinding may be strongly associated with chronic pain and are interesting behaviors in their
own right.
4th
Special needs populations
Individuals with special needs also need oral care, and communities benefit from public health interventions.
Geriatric populations are most likely to need dentures, and depression is a major risk factor in patient dissatisfaction with dentures.
Psychological knowledge can be used to provide high levels of services to these individuals and communities. Mentally challenged Chronically ill Geriatrics
Public health
Community interventions
th 5 Quality of life
Dentistry is also about quality of life.
The ability to eat foods and the social context of eating, smiling and talking has a major impact on quality of life, whether were discussing an infant with a craniofacial anomaly or an elderly person has lost all his or her teeth. Craniofacial abnormalities Edentualism
6th
Esthetic dentistry
And finally, esthetic dentistry is clearly on the rise.
Esthetic dentistry deals with the psychological issues of selfperception, self-esteem, and beauty.
Orthodontics Crowns, veneers
Reconstruction
Have I convinced you that psychology can play an important role in dental education? I hope so.
Lets remember What are the primary skills that dental students need that draw heavily on psychology?
References
1 ."How does the APA define "psychology"?". Retrieved 15 November 2011. 2."Definition of "Psychology (APA's Index Page)"". Retrieved 20 December 2011. O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D.; Mitterer, J.O. (2008).Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (12th ed., pp. 1516). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Sarah J. Erickson, PhD; Melissa Gerstle, BA; Sarah W. Feldstein, MS Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing With Children, Adolescents, and Their Parents in Pediatric Health Care SettingsA Review Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1173-1180. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.12.1173.
Highly recommended
Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing With Children, Adolescents, and Their Parents in Pediatric Health Care SettingsA Review . Sarah J. Erickson, PhD; Melissa Gerstle, BA; Sarah W. Feldstein, MSArch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(12):1173-1180. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.12.1173 .
Activity
Homework Make a 1 page research about how memory affects behaviour.
References
Introduction to Psychology Charles Stangor Saylor.org In. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books/2 Following articles copies available at the copy office. Brush up in communication Contemporary perspectives Free will vs determinism
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