INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEM EE2412

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 Seismometer

is a device that is made to measure and record the motions of the ground. It also help seismologist to locate and measure the size of these different seismic waves. Seismometer converts Ground Motion into an electric output signal.

 Two

basic types of seismometer Inertia seismometer Strain meters seismometer

Seismometer are the instruments with very low natural frequency. Due to this seismometer are often in very large size.
Seismometer will store the vibrations measured on some kind of storage device know as seismograph.

In AD 132, Zhang Heng of chinas Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope, which was called Houfeng Didong Yi. After 1880,most seismometer were descended from the team John Milne. They invented the seismometer using damped horizontal pendulum. The basic damped horizontal pendulum swing like a gate of a fence.

seismograph consists of a ground motion detection sensor called seismometer which is connected to a recording system. seismometer consists of a weight hanging on a spring. This spring and weight are a part of a frame which moves alongside earths surface. is a pen attached to the mass which helps record a history of motion called seismogram. Seismographs work on the principle of inertia. seismometers are electronic.

A simple

There

Modern

Modern instruments use electronic sensors, amplifiers, and recording devices. Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies. Modern sensitive's come in three broad ranges:
Long

Period Seismometer

An instrument in which the resonant frequency is very low.

 Short

Period Seismometer

Is constructed to have a very short natural frequency & a correspondingly high resonant frequency which is higher than most frequencies in a seismic wave.
Strong

motion seismometer

Are not as sensitive to ground motion as teleseimic instrument but they stay on the scale during the strongest seismic shaking. The data is essential to understand how an earthquake affects manmade structures.

 Broadband

seismometer

As an inertial pendulum design with a force feedback mechanism. The feedback force is applied is determined by using an electrical transducer to convert the motion of the mass into an electrical signal.

 Is

use to measure the movement in the Earths crust

 Short

period OBSs

Record high frequency motions. It can record small and short period earthquake.

Long

period OBSs

Records much broader range of motion. It is use for

recording mid-sized earthquake and seismic activity.

 The

OBS data is not quite as high quality as land data because OBS cannot be carefully placed. It will be drop off and are located wherever it settle down.

It

has noisier signal due to current along the ocean bottom, and the timing accuracy is not as good.
OBS data is nearly as good as land data and it provides essential observation from location where we cannot place land sensor.

The

 It

contain sensor that listen for sonar signals in the water. will send a certain code and then the lead weight is release, the rest of the OBS is buoyant and it will rise up. It takes about 2 hours.

It

 Very

stable clocks make comparable readings from many far flung seismometers. can be recovered easily with the help of a data cable. This feature helps in saving task of carefully disassembling the instrument casing on a moving ship.

Data

With

the help of this method data is available instantly for usage which is very useful for geologists to respond to a major earthquake

 Ocean

Bottom Seismometers are very difficult to install at a specific place with a pinpoint accuracy. they are lowered into place through thousand of meters of water. period seismometers have short battery life and must be changed repeatedly. OBSs fails to rise to the surface and are lost.

Usually

Short

Sometime

What we learn from this research is, seismometer is use to measure the movement of the earth and it also help to record seismic waves that allow seismologists to map the interior of the earth. Most seismometer are electronic operated now days, and there are a few types of seismometer used by the seismologists.