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Water As a Solvent
Water will dissolve ionic compounds. The charged ions become separated from each other and become surrounded by water molecules. One demonstration of this is the conduction of electricity through an ionic solution.
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Solutions How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions? (a) 5.0 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water (b) 78.5g of cesium bromide dissolved in water (c) 7.42x1022 formula units of copper(II) nitrate dissolved in water (d) 35mL of 0.84M zinc chloride
PLAN: We have to relate the information given and the number of moles of ions present when the substance dissolves in water. SOLUTION: (a) (NH4)2SO4(s) 2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq) 2mol NH4+
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Cs+(aq) + Br-(aq)
mol CsBr
212.8g CsBr
= 0.369mol CsBr
(c) Cu(NO3)2(s)
Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
mol Cu(NO3)2 7.42x1022 formula = 0.123mol Cu(NO3)2 units Cu(NO3)2 6.022x1023 formula units = 0.246mol NO (d) ZnCl2(aq) 35mL ZnCl2 Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
1L
103mL
0.84mol ZnCl2
L
= 2.9x110-2mol Zn2+
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Its also what allows covalent compounds that are polar to dissolve in water, e.g. sugar. Although these polar compounds dissolve in water they are non-electrolytes. They do not conduct electricity since they are not charged. Water will also dissolve compounds with a polar bond to a H atom. These compounds, called acids, dissociate to give protons, H+, and anions. 4-7
Dr. Wolfs CHM 101
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Acids in water dissociate to give H+. The H+ bonds with a water molecule and becomes a hydrated proton, H3O+ , a hydronium ion.
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Solutions of Acids PROBLEM: Nitric acid is a major chemical in the fertilizer and explosives industries. In aqueous solution, each molecule dissociates and the H becomes a solvated H+ ion. What is the molarity of H+(aq) in 1.4M nitric acid? PLAN: Use the formula to find the molarity of H+.
HNO3(l)
H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
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Precipitation Reactions - Reactant ions form an insoluble product which precipitates from solution.
Acid-Base Reactions - (neutralization) - A reaction between H+ ions from an acid dissolved in water and OHions from a base dissolved in water. The product is a molecule of water. Redox Reactions - (later in chapter)
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Writing equations for aqueous ionic reactions. A precipitation reaction and its equation.
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Occurs; Writing Ionic Equations PROBLEM: Predict whether a reaction occurs when each of the following pairs of solutions are mixed. If a reaction does occur, write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations, and identify the spectator ions. (a) sodium sulfate(aq) + strontium nitrate(aq) (b) ammonium perchlorate(aq) + sodium bromide(aq) PLAN: write ions SOLUTION: (a) Na2SO4(aq) + Sr(NO3)2 (aq)
2NaNO3(aq) + SrSO4(s)
2Na+(aq) +SO42-(aq)+ Sr2+(aq)+2NO3-(aq) 2Na+(aq) +2NO3-(aq)+ SrSO4(s) combine anions & cations check for insolubility Table 4.1 eliminate spectator ions for net ionic equation SO42-(aq)+ Sr2+(aq) SrSO4(s)
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Write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for each of the following acid-base reactions and identify the spectator ions.
reactants are strong acids and (a) Sr(OH)2(aq)+2HClO4(aq) 2H2O(l)+Sr(ClO4)2(aq) bases and therefore completely +(aq)+ 2ClO -(aq) Sr2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)+ 2H+ ionized in water 4 2+ 2H2O(l)+Sr (aq)+2ClO4-(aq) products are 2OH-(aq)+ 2H+(aq) 2H2O(l)
water
spectator ions
2H2O(l) + BaSO4(aq)
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An acid-base titration
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Acid-Base Titration You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing 50.00mL of HCl in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put 0.1524M NaOH into the buret, and the initial reading is 0.55mL. At the end point, the buret reading is 33.87mL. What is the concentration of the HCl solution? SOLUTION: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) (33.87-0.55)mL x 1L 103mL 0.03332L X 0.1524M = 5.078x10-3mol NaOH
multiply by M of base
mol of base molar ratio mol of acid divide by L of acid M of acid
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Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions Reactions where there is movement of electrons from one reactant to another. It can be in the form of a transfer of electrons from one atom to another or in the case of many covalent compounds, an uneven distribution of electron density in the covalent bond.
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Dr. Wolfs CHM 101
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To keep track of the transfer of electrons, atoms are assigned oxidation numbers.
Table 4.3 Rules for Assigning an Oxidation Number (O.N.)
General rules
1. For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2, Cl2, etc.): O.N. = 0 2. For a monoatomic ion: O.N. = ion charge 3. The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a compound equals zero. The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equals the ions charge. Rules for specific atoms or periodic table groups
1. For Group 1A(1): 2. For Group 2A(2): 3. For hydrogen: O.N. = +1 in all compounds O.N. = +2 in all compounds O.N. = +1 in combination with nonmetals
4. For fluorine:
5. For oxygen: 6. For Group 7A(17):
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Determine the oxidation number (O.N.) of each element in these compounds: (a) zinc chloride (b) sulfur trioxide (c) nitric acid
PLAN:
The O.N.s of the ions in a polyatomic ion add up to the charge of the ion and the O.N.s of the ions in the compound add up to zero.
SOLUTION: (a) ZnCl2. The O.N. for zinc is +2 and that for chloride is -1. (b) SO3. Each oxygen is an oxide with an O.N. of -2. Therefore the O.N. of sulfur must be +6. (c) HNO3. H has an O.N. of +1 and each oxygen is -2. Therefore the N must have an O.N. of +5.
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X loses electron(s)
X is oxidized X is the reducing agent X increases its oxidation number
Y gains electron(s)
Y is reduced Y is the oxidizing agent Y decreases its oxidation number
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PROBLEM: Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in each of the following: (a) 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) (b) PbO(s) + CO(g) (c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g) 2H2O(g)
PLAN: Assign an O.N. for each atom and see which gained and which lost electrons in going from reactants to products.
An increase in O.N. means the species was oxidized (and is the reducing agent) and a decrease in O.N. means the species was reduced (is the oxidizing agent).
SOLUTION: 0 +1 +6 -2 +3 +6 -2 0
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
The O.N. of Al increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of H decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent.
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Pb(s) + CO2(g)
The O.N. of C increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of Pb decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent. 0 0 +1 -2
2H2O(g)
The O.N. of H increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of O decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent.
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Number Method PROBLEM: Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equations: (a) Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O(l) (b) PbS(s) + O2(g) SOLUTION: 0 +1 +5 -2 PbO(s) + SO2(g) +2 +5 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
O.N. of Cu increases because it loses 2e-; it is oxidized and is the reducing agent. O.N. of N decreases because it gains 1e-; it is reduced and is the oxidizing agent.
loses 2ebalance other ions
Cu(s) + HNO3(aq)
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Cu(s) + 4 2 HNO3(aq)
2
+2 -2 0
PbO(s) + SO2(g)
PbO(s) + SO2(g)
gains 2e- per O; need 3/2 O2 to make 3O2Multiply by 2 to have whole number coefficients. 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
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Titration 2+ PROBLEM: Calcium ion (Ca ) is required for blood to clot and for many other cell processes. An abnormal Ca2+ concentration is indicative of disease. To measure the Ca2+ concentration, 1.00mL of human blood was treated with Na2C2O4 solution. The resulting CaC2O4 precipitate was filtered and dissolved in dilute H2SO4. This solution required 2.05mL of 4.88x10-4M KMnO4 to reach the end point. The unbalanced equation is KMnO4(aq) + CaC2O4(s) + H2SO4(aq) MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + CaSO4(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (a) Calculate the amount (mol) of Ca2+. (b) Calculate the amount (mol) of Ca2+ ion concentration expressed in units of mg Ca2+/100mL blood.
PLAN:
(a)
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Finding an Unknown Concentration by a Redox Titration SOLUTION: 4.88x10-4mol KMnO4 = 1.00x10-6mol KMnO4
103 mL
1.00x10-6mol KMnO4 2.50x10-6 mol CaC2O4 PLAN: (b)
L
5mol CaC2O4 2mol KMnO4 1mol Ca2+ = 2.50x10-6 mol Ca2+ = 2.50x10-6 mol CaC2O4
1mol CaC2O4
mol Ca2+/1mL blood multiply by 100 mol Ca2+/100mL blood multiply by M g Ca2+/100mL blood 10-3g = 1mg =10.0mg Ca2+/100mL blood mg Ca2+/100mL blood SOLUTION: 2.50x10-6 mol Ca2+ x100 =2.50x10-4 mol Ca2+ 1mL blood 100mL blood
2.50x10-4 mol Ca2+ 40.08g Ca2+ mg 100mL blood mol Ca2+ 10-3g
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Classify each of the following redox reactions as a combination, decomposition, or displacement reaction, write a balanced molecular equation for each, as well as total and net ionic equations for part (c), and identify the oxidizing and reducing agents: magnesium nitride (aq)
PLAN: Combination reactions produce fewer products than reactants. Decomposition reactions produce more products than reactants.
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(a) Combination
Mg is the reducing agent; N2 is the oxidizing agent. (b) Decomposition +1 -1 H2O2(l) 2 H2O2(l) O is the oxidizing and reducing agent. (c) Displacement 0 +2 +5 -2 +3 +5 -2 0 +1 -2 0 or
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and
But both reactions are taking place simultaneously and an equilibrium is reached. The equation is written: CaCO3 CaO + CO2
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End of Chapter 4
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