Leadership ABC

Chapter 3
Leadership Behavior and Motivation

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
3-1
Chapter 3 Learning Outcomes

University of Iowa leadership styles University of Michigan and Ohio State University leadership models Ohio State University leadership model and the leadership grid Three content motivation theories Four types of reinforcement Content, process, and reinforcement theories
3-2
What is leadership style?

3-3
Leadership Style
The combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers.
3-4
University of Iowa Leadership Styles

Autocratic...........................Democratic
Source: Adapted from K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White, 1939. Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates. Journal of Social Psychology 10:271 301.
3-5
The University of Michigan Leadership Model: Two leadership styles, one dimension
Job Centered........Employee Centered Leadership Style..Leadership Style

Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.
3-6
The Ohio State University Leadership Model: Four leadership styles, two dimensions
C O N S I D E R A T I O N
Ohio State University

High Low Structure and High Consideration High Structure and High Consideration
Low Structure High Structure and and Low Low Consideration Low Consideration
Initiating Structure
Low
Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.
High
3-7
What is the best leadership style?

3-8
What is the best leadership style?

The one which works for the individual leader in a specific time and in a specific environment
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Which leadership style do workers think is best?

3-10
Although there is no one best leadership style in all situations, employees are more satisfied with a leader who is high in consideration.
3-11
Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership Grid

High
C O N C E R N P E O P L E Low
Source: Adapted from Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, The Managerial Grid III (Houston: Gulf, 1985); and Robert R. Blake and Anna Adams McCase, Leadership Dilemmas-Grid Solutions (Houston: Gulf, 1991), 29.
1,9
Country Club
Team Leader
9,9
5,5
Middle of the Road
1,1
1 Low
Impoverished
Authority-Compliance
9,1
CONCERN for PRODUCTION
3-12
9 High
Team Leadership (9,9)

The goal in leadership development
Few ever reach it
Similar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .

Mission First, People Always.
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What is Motivation?
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Motivation
Anything that affects behavior in pursuit of a certain outcome
3-15
Motivation Process
People go from need to motive to behavior to consequence to satisfaction or dissatisfaction
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The Motivation Process

Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
Feedback
3-17
Major Motivation Theories

Classification of Motivation Theories
1. Content motivation theories
Specific Motivation Theory

a. Hierarchy of needs theory b. Two-factor theory c. Acquired needs theory a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal-setting theory
2. Process motivation theories
Type of Reinforcement
3. Reinforcement theory
a. Positive b. Avoidance c. Extinction d. Punishment
3-18
What are Content Motivation Theories?

3-19
Content Motivation Theories

Focus on explaining and predicting behavior based on peoples needs
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3 Content Motivation Theories

Hierarchy of Needs Two-Factor

Acquired Needs
3-21
What is a Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

3-22
Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Proposes that people are motivated through levels of needs which begin a basic life sustaining needs and progress to life and work satisfaction needs
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What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

3-24
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

SelfActualization Esteem
Social Safety
Physiological
3-25
What is Herzbergs Theory of Motivation?

3-26
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of Motivation

Motivator Factors
Intrinsic Satisfied or not satisfied
Maintenance (Hygiene) Factors

Extrinsic Dissatisfied or not dissatisfied
3-27
What is the Acquired Needs Theory of Motivation?

3-28
Acquired Needs Theory

(employees are motivated by their need for:)
Power Affiliation Achievement

3-29
What is the Equity Theory of Motivation?

3-30
Equity Theory
(proposed that employees are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs.)
Our inputs (contributions)
Others input (contributions) Others outcomes (rewards)

3-31
Our outcomes (rewards)
What is the Expectancy Theory of Motivation?

3-32
Expectancy Theory
Proposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.
3-33
What is the Goal-setting Theory of Motivation?

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Goal-setting Theory
Proposes that specific, difficult goals motivate people
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How Does a Leader Set Meaningful Goals & Objectives to Motivate Subordinates?
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Criteria for Objectives

Singular result
One end result
Specific
Exact performance expected
Measurable
Observe and measure progress
Target date
Specific completion date
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Other Criteria for Objectives

Difficult but achievable Participatively set Commitment of employees
3-38
What is Reinforcement Theory?

3-39
Reinforcement Theory
Also known as behavior modification Based on studies of B.F. Skinner
Major topic of study in Psychology
Depends on reinforcement
Positive Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Avoidance Extinction Punishment
Reinforcement can be
Continuous Intermittent
3-40
You get what you reinforce, not always what you reward!
3-41
How Can a Leader Motivate Using Reinforcement?

3-42
Motivating with Reinforcement

Set clear objectives
Employees must understand what is expected
Use appropriate rewards

Must be seen as rewards
Use the appropriate reinforcement schedule Do not reward unworthy performance Look for the positive Give sincere praise Do things for your employees
3-43
Give Sincere Praise

People will know if you mean it Praise Model (Person to Person)
Tell what was done well Tell why it is important Take a moment of silence Encourage continued good work
Learn to give praise easily

It is an effective and inexpensive motivational tool
3-44
Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?

3-45
All of them None of them None works in all environments, in all situations, or for all people
Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?
Knowledge of all theories will help in determining the correct way to motivate in a given situation
Leader must be flexible
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Discussion Question #1
How is leadership behavior based on traits?
3-47
Do you agree with the University of Michigan model (with two leadership styles) or with the Ohio State model (with four leadership styles)?
3-48
What are three important contributions of the University of Michigan and Ohio State University studies?
3-49
What are three important contributions of the Leadership Grid and highhigh research?
3-50
What is motivation, and why is it important to know how to motivate employees?
3-51
Which of the four content motivation theories do you prefer? Why?
3-52
Which of the three process motivation theories do you prefer? Why?
3-53
Reinforcement theory is unethical because it is used to manipulate employees. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
3-54
Which motivation theory do you feel is the best? Why?
3-55

What is your motivation theory? What major methods, techniques, and so on, do you plan to use on the job as a manager to increase motivation and performance?
3-56

Leadership ABC

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Chapter 3

Leadership Behavior and Motivation

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3 Learning Outcomes

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is leadership style?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

University of Iowa Leadership Styles

Job Centered........Employee Centered Leadership Style..Leadership Style

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Ohio State University

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is the best leadership style?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is the best leadership style?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Which leadership style do workers think is best?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership Grid

Middle of the Road

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Team Leadership (9,9)

Similar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .

Mission First, People Always.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

The Motivation Process

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Major Motivation Theories

Specific Motivation Theory

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

2. Process motivation theories

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What are Content Motivation Theories?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Content Motivation Theories

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

3 Content Motivation Theories

Hierarchy of Needs Two-Factor

What is a Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

What is Herzbergs Theory of Motivation?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of Motivation

Maintenance (Hygiene) Factors

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is the Acquired Needs Theory of Motivation?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

Acquired Needs Theory

Power Affiliation Achievement

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.

What is the Equity Theory of Motivation?

Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.