What is calibration ?

Quantitative Determination of the errors of measuring device & where necessary , adjusting these errors to minimum.

Set of operations that establish , under specified conditions , the relationship between values of quantity indicated by measuring instrument or a measuring system & corresponding values realized by standards

Traceability
The concept of establishing valid calibration of a measurement standard or instrument by step by step comparison with better standards up to an acceptable national or international standard

The traceability ensures validity of measurement anywhere in the country / world.

Traceability to National / International Standard

NMI [National Metrology Institute] NMI Maintains National Primary Standards for realisation Of units of measurements

National Standards are maintained traceable to International Primary standards maintained by International Bureau of Weights & Measures [BIPM] in Paris
NMI provides service to Industries & Other Labs &] Establishes traceability in National Measurement System India NPL [National Physical Laboratory is working as NMI PTB Germany NPL.UK- United Kingdom NMIs in Respective countries

Traceability to National / International Standard

Accreditation Bodies : Lab accreditation is formal recognition that calibration /Testing laboratory is competent to carry out specific Calibration Testing. ISO/IEC 17025 is ISO standard that spells specific requirements which are required to meet by Lab for recognition as competent to carry out specific test The body that conducts & administers lab accreditation is called accreditation body In India National Accreditation Board for Test & Calibration Laboratories [NABL] is accreditation body Similarly DKD in Germany NAMAS / UKAS in UK NIST in USA NATA- in Australia These all bodies are members of International Laboratory Accreditation Conference

Traceability Chain
National Institute for Metrology , National Standard [NPL] Accrediated Calibration laboratory , Reference Standard Companys calibration laboratory , working standard
Inspection Equpt. Of company

Part to be measured

Selection of Calibration Lab.

While selecting calibration Lab consider following points
Whether the lab bas Quality system complying with ISO Standard [In india NABL Accreditation] Whether standards / Calibration are traceable to National / International Standards Whether the lab carries out calibration using Standards / Calibrators Whether Lab is capable of estimating uncertainty of measurments Whether lab has trained manpower

Precautions to be taken before submitting an equipment for calibration

Ensure following points
Check the equipment for functionality Check Battery f the equipment is battery operated Check displays , pointer and zero adjustment Furnish manufacturers specifications, if available Furnish adjustment / how to use procedures , if available

Some basics in metrology:

Nominal Size (Basic Size): It is the size on

which the limits of size are based and which is

assigned to a part in accordance with its

function. True Size: It is the theoretical size of a

dimension, which is free from any errors of measurements.

Actual Size or Observed Size: It is the value

of size obtained through measurement with the permissible measuring error.

Some basics in metrology..... Exact Size: It is the value of size obtained with

the highest metrological accuracy attainable in

practice. Approximate Size: It is the value of size

obtained with an error exceeding the permissible error of measurement and requiring refinement. Accuracy: The closeness to the true value of

measurand is called accuracy.

Some basics in metrology..... Repeatability or Precision: It is the variation in measurements obtained with one measuring Instrument when used several times by one appraiser while measuring the identical characteristics on the same part. Reproducibility: It is the variation in average of the measurements made by different appraisers using the same measuring instrument when measuring the identical characteristics on the same part

Some basics in metrology..... Error of measurement: It is the difference

between the true value of the size being

measured and the value found by measurement.

Uncertainty of measurement: The range of values within which the true value of the measured quantity is estimated to lie. Confidence level: The probability that the true

value lies within a specified range of values. It is generally expressed as a decimal or percentage.

Metrological Characteristics of Measuring Instruments: Range: The interval between minimum and

maximum values which can be measured by an instrument. Resolution: The smallest change in the value

of a quantity that can be detected by the instrument.

Zero Error: The departure from indicated zero

when the value of the quantity being measured is zero.

Metrological Characteristics of Measuring Instruments..

Sensitivity: It is the quotient of the increase in

observed variable and corresponding increase in the measured quantity,

Basic Types of Errors in Measurement: Controllable (Static Errors): One which

remains constant during a number of identical measurements or which varies in a predictable manner when conditions change.

Random Error: One which varies in an

unpredictable manner during a number of identical measurements.

Sources of Errors / Uncertainties in Measurements The sources of errors / uncertainties in

measurements can be best described by SWIPE,

details of which are given below : S- Standard

1- Deviation from nominal dimension. 2- Uncertainty of calibration

3- Wear in standard
4- Form error 5- Surface Finish

SWIPE. . W Work piece

1-Form error

2- Surface finish
3- Instrumental Resolution (when instrument is under calibration)

I- Instrument
1- Instrumental error 2- Uncertainty of calibration 3- Instrumental resolution 4- Repeatability

SWIPE.. P Person 1- Repeatability (Skill of operator for positioning and measuring pressure, etc.)

E- Environment factors
1- Temperature 2- Humidity 3- Cleanliness 4- Vibration

Abbes Principle / Alignment Principle

Abbes Alignment should be followed in dimensional measurements to avoid cosine

errors.
H= L cos L According to this principle, during measurement, the measuring axis of the instrument should be aligned with respect to the characteristic under test ( the measurand).`` H

General Care To Be Taken Before Use Of Vernier Caliper

Some commonly used Instruments..

Some common sources of errors in measurements with V.C.:

Misalignment with the measurand

Conditions of jaws (worn-out jaws)

Care of V.C. It should not be treated or used as a wrench or hammer. It should not be dropped or tossed aside. After use, it used be wiped free from chips, oil, etc and kept in box provided.

Some commonly used Instruments..

Precautions in use of V.C. It should be ensured that there is no play

between sliding jaws, otherwise accuracy of the

vernier caliper is lost. The stationary caliper jaw of the V.C. should be

used as the reference point and measured point is obtained by advancing or withdrawing the sliding jaw. The sense of touch (feel) is an important factor

and can be developed by practice.

General Care To Be Taken Before Use Of Height Gauge

Some commonly used Instruments.. 2. Micrometers Precautions in using a micrometer: It should be cleaned of any dust particles between

the measuring faces and spindle should move freely.

.

Measurement with Micrometer

Measurement With Screw Thread Micrometer

Use Of Depth Micrometer For Measurements

Slip Gauges:
Wringing: The slip gauges are wrung together by hand through a combined sliding and twisting

motion. First, the gauge is oscillated slightly with very

light pressure over the other gauge so as to detect presence of any foreign particles between the surfaces. One gauge is then placed perpendicular to other using standard gauging pressure and rotary motion is then applied until the blocks are lined up. In this way, air is expelled from between the gauge faces causing the two blocks to adhere.

Use Of Gauge Blocks Wringing of Two Thick Gauge Blocks

Care and use of Slip Gauges The slip gauges and their case should be

protected from dirt and dust. Care should be taken to avoid the gauges from

being magnetized, otherwise it will attract

metallic dust.
During actual use, the fingering of the lapped

surfaces should be avoided as far as possible and handling should be minimum to avoid heat transfer from body to the gages.

Care and use of Slip Gauges .. If the gauges have been handled for some time,

it should be allowed to settle down to the prevailing room temperature. Always the standard method of wringing should

be followed. The gauges should not be left wrung together

for an unnecessary length of time as this may

lead to micro cold welding and slight pitting of

the surfaces when they are separated.

Care and use of Slip Gauges ..

If the slip gauges are not to be used for a long

time, it should be coated with petroleum jelly.

After use, the gauges are wiped and finger

marks removed and replaced in their proper compartment in the case.

Use Of Gauge Block

Using One Thin Gauge Block & Other Thick Gauge Block

Handling Gauge Blocks

Some commonly used Instruments.. Dial Gauges

General care and use of Dial Gauges:

If the plunger is allowed to strike the work with force, the teeth of the rack and gears will get distorted and the pointer may slip on the spindle, hence it should be avoided. The stand used for dial gauge should be very rigid for accurate readings.

Some commonly used Instruments.. Dial Gauges

General care and use of Dial Gauges..

In case of clamping of dial gauge by means of a back

lug, the clamp should be quite tight; otherwise false readings may be obtained by occurrence of slip. The plunger lifting lever, when raised to allow work to

be inserted under the contact point, must be released

slowly. Sudden release with force will distort the teeth of the rack.

Some commonly used Instruments.. Dial Gauges

General care and use of Dial Gauges..

If contact points of dial gauge are worn, these

should be replaced. The flat surface of flat contacts should be truly

square to the plunger and parallel to the measuring surface of the fixture for accurate readings.

Some commonly used Instruments.. Dial Gauges

The dial gauges should be free from any

backlash, particularly when it is used for detecting small errors. The magnification of dial gauge selected

should be in relation to the accuracy required.

Test for repeatability of reading, discrimination

and calibration should be carried out from time to time.

Care of following Instruments and Gauges in brief :

Surface Plate
Profile Projector Comparator Stand

Dial Bore Gauge

Attribute Gauges Roundness Tester Surface Finish Tester Air Gauges

General Care for To Be Taken Surface Plate

General care to be taken for use of profile projector

Use of Comparator Stand

Use of Bore Dial Gauge

Use of Attribute Gauging

Use of Surface Finish Tester

Use of Air Gauges

Instrument Storage

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