Definitions:

 Letters or words which are put together in

a visible form is called WRITING.
 OR: it is the art or science of knowing the
way to express one’s thoughts in a written
form through decipherable, exact, concise,
well-explaining and well-describing or
simply comprehensive words with some
rules and regulations.
 Finally, writing is written communication.
 Out-Put.
 Letter
 Word
 Phrase
 Clause
 Sentence
 Paragraph
 Essay
 Title / heading
 Topic / topical / introductory / key sentence
 Supportive sentences
 Conclusion / restatement
 Order
 Cohesiveness
 coherence
 Pre-writing Stage
- Title / topic
- Brainstorming
- Outline
 Writing Stage
- Topical sentence
- Supporting sentences
- Conclusion / restatement

* Narrowing down/Funneling the idea

 Post-writing

- Revising
- Editing
- Rewriting
 Narrative / storical paragraph
 Descriptive paragraph
 Explanatory or expository paragraph
 An essay is a group of paragraphs that
develops one main topic.
 Unity /harmony: harmony of opinion,
interest, or feeling
 Cohesiveness / unification / act of

uniting: the act or process of uniting or

joining together
 Coherence / Logical or aesthetic
consistency: the quality of being
logically or aesthetically
consistent, with all separate parts
fitting together to form a
harmonious or credible whole
 Clear
 Concise
 Correct
 Complete
 Courteous / polite
 Cohesive
 Coherent
 It tells a story or experience.
- Parts of a Story
 Plot
 Settings
 Characters
 Suspense
 Moral
◦ Have the point of the story in mind.
◦ Start with a general sentence (i.e.
usually, with once upon a time
under the blue sky…)
◦ Develop sentences that build upon
each other and they all lead to an
interesting point called suspense.
◦ Follow chronological or time order
by using transitions or logical
connectors to maintain coherence,
cohesiveness, unification, unity and
appropriate and smooth flow of
ideas.
◦ Write the topic sentence at the end.
 Sample Narrative paragraph
1- Present Narration
2- Habitual and Future
Narration
3- Past Narrative
 It presents a word picture of a person, place
and a thing
 Views:
 Two kinds: landscape and portrait
 Description:
 From top to bottom
 From bottom to top
 From side to side to side
 From near to far
 From far to near
 From most important to least
important
 From least important to most
important
2.Choose the description
manner.
3.Have the topic restricted
sentence.
4.Use special figurative and
sensory words
5.Follow a spatial order
6.Use place related transitions
7.Present a clear word picture of
the place, thing and person
 Modification: to restrict or narrow
down the idea.
 Add adjectives, phrases, and
clauses.
 Adjective usage order:
1-Pre-determiner,number, or a
pronoun 2-Article,3-general
adjevtive,4-size,5-shape,6-Age, 7-
color,8-Origin, 9-material, 10-non-
material, 11-noun
E.g. most of the pretty small
rectangular rubber toys
A beautiful round antique white Mayan
flower vase.
 Verbs: ordinary
 straightforward psychological verb

e.g. Bill hated the

spinach.
Experiencer v stimulus
 Reverse psychological verbs e.g. The
book interests me.
 Capitalization
 Punctuation
 Margins / page set-up
 Indentation
 Skipping lines
 Grammar, tenses & other structural

agreements
 Spelling
 Space and words clarity
 Logical order
- Logical order of importance
- General specific order
 Chronological order
 Spatial order
 Casual order (chain of cause & effects)
 Cumulative order (familiar measures-

findings)
 Familiarity order (most familiar facts-least)
 An expository or explanatory
Paragraph exposes or explains
and analyzes information or
facts.
Steps:
3. Begin your topic with a few sign
post questions to make the
reader interested in your topic.
4. Write your topic sentence (that
should contain a controlling
idea).
5. Develop supporting sentences
4. Use transitions to maintain logical
such as chronological order and
generalization
5. Write the most important details at
the end or near the end.
6. End with a restatement.
7. Your details should be factual and
logical.
 Generalization

- Controlling idea, it refers to a

group of items. It can be a value
judgment or an opinion
(adjective), or a factual
statement.
 Illustration /anecdote
 Transition
 It persuades or convinces the
reader to accept the author’s
point of view.
 It presents factual logical

reasons.
 Decide on your topic whether you support or
oppose it.
 Write your topic sentence and include your
controlling idea too.
 Develop supporting sentences in which you
should present a few logical and factual reasons
in support of your stance or position.
 Use logical connection.
 Use transitions.
 Give the best idea at the end.
 Restate your stance or controlling idea.
 Even though our population is increasing
and land is needed for housing and
development. I would hope that our country
could save the land in its natural state for
future generations to enjoy. This land would
be good for promoting tourism, for
preserving the environment, and for
remembering our history. Thus, the land
ought to be preserved in its natural state.
 When I was a wee child, I was very naughty. Mostly, I
used to do vices that would bother and tease the others. In
fact, I do distinctly remember One of the memories.
Actually, there was a bee hive in our house. It was very
huge and awesome. One day, one of my maternal cousins,
who was my age and chum, came home. I told him that
there was a very interesting creature in the hole of wall,
where situated the bee hive. Simple silly little boy started
entering a stick into the, hole when abruptly, the troops of
bees enraged and began assaulting and stinging the poor
little tiny lad who was shouting and dashing rapidly.
Unfortunately, after a while, I couldn’t recognize my own
cousin since his face and body were too swollen. In the long
run, I was scolded by my mother and beaten by my father.
From that day onwards, I decided neither to be crafty nor to
play tricks on anyone.
Enough for
Today!!!