Cell Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms

Cell

changes in structure or function in order

to carry out a specific function.

Modification

of cells

 Cell

is a basic unit of living things Cellular components of animal cells:

 Tissues

are group of cells with a common structure and function. Four major types of tissues in animals:

Nerve tissues

Epithelial tissues

Animal tissues

Muscle tissues Connective tissues

Consist of one or more layers of cells. The cells of an epithelium are tightly interconnected with little space between them. The structure of epithelial tissue is adapted to its function such as protection, secretion and absorption.

The epithelial tissue at the surface of the skin and linings of mouth and oesophagus. The epithelial tissue at the lining of body cavities, heart, blood vessels and lungs. The epithelial tissue at the lining of small intestine.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of glands, ducts and kidney tubules.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of the trachea.

Muscle is most abundant tissue in most animals. Muscle tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibres. Types of muscle tissues:

Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons or nerve cell. Each neuron consist of a cell body and nerve fibres called dendrites and axons. Function of nerve tissue:

Transmit signal called nerve impulses over long distances. Nerve tissues control and coordinate activities of the body.

Consist of various types of cells and fibres separated by an extracellular matrix. Examples of connective tissues and their functions:

Connective tissues Cartilage tissue

Functions Form tendons and ligaments. Tendon: attach muscle to bones. Ligaments: attach bones to bones. Cartilage is strong and flexible connective tissue. It also provide support to the nose, ears, covers the end of bones at joints and form disc between vertebrae.

Bones

Bones provide protection to organs in the body and support the body.

Blood

Blood regulating, transporting and protecting function. Red blood cell: transport oxygen. White blood cell: fighting infection. Platelets: blood clotting.
Consist of mostly of fluid which leaks out of blood capillaries. Stores energy and insulate the body.

lymph Fat cells/adipose tissue

Organ made up of two or more types of tissues working together to perform a particular function. Examples of organs: Heart Skin Lungs Kidneys Eyes Ears

Ear

Brain

Heart

Eye

Skin

Stomach

A system consist of several organs that cooperate to carry a living process. There are 11 major systems in humans such as nervous system, skeletal system, circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, excretory system, reproductive systems, muscular system, integumentary system, endocrine system and lymphatic system. All systems combine to form a multicellular organisms.

Skeletal system

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Muscular system

Circulatory system

Reproductive systems

Lymphatic system Respiratory system

Digestive system

Excretory system

The Structure of cell organisation in animals are: Tissues Organs Systems Organisms

Cells

Textbook KBSM Biology Form 4 by Gan Wan Yeat, Manoharan a/l Subramaniam and Azmah Bt Rajion. Success Biology SPM by Gan Wan Yeat. Bio-Score Integrated Curriculum Form 4 by BioScore Panel. Website: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/ BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/ BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

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