EXTRACTION

Extraction
A method to separate components of a mixture
Solid-Liquid Extraction Supercritical Fluid Extraction Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Products

Products

Types of extraction processes

Types of extraction processes

Single-stage batch processing Multistage countercurrent extraction Continuous countercurrent extraction

Single-stage batch processing

Espresso coffee extraction

Sugar extraction from sugar beet

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Single-stage batch processing

Extraction and distillatation

Multistage countercurrent extraction

Rotocel extractor

Bollmann extractor 9

Multistage countercurrent extraction

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Continuous countercurrent extraction

Dorr classifier extractor

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Solid-Liquid Extraction (Leaching)

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Leaching
Solvent Hot water Solid Product

Ethyl alcohol

Essential oil Tincture

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Sulfuric acid solutions

Leaching
Solid

Soluble solid

Inert

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Three important factors that aid in leaching

Temperature Contact time/area Solvent selection

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Leaching principle

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Leaching principle
Triangular three component diagram
% solvent

A
100 80 60 40 20

C
% inert

0 20

B
40 60
80

solute 100 % 17

% solvent

AC : D AB : E BC : F Mix : W

40% solvent + 60% inert 20% solvent + 80% solute 30% solute + 70% inert 40% solvent + 20% solute + 40% inert

A
100

80 60

D
40 20

20

F 40
60 80

E B
100 %

C
inert

solute

Remark : The sum of 3 component must be 100 % Thus the % of any two component indicate 3rd

Such as : XWA + XWB + XWC = 1

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Leaching principle
Overflow stream and underflow stream
1.0

1.0 B

1.0

1.0

C
0 1.0 B

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C 0

1.0 B

Leaching principle

Solids stream

Extract stream

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100 80 60 40 20

% solvent

Leaching principle
x = The mole fraction of the components associated with the solid stream

C 0 20 40 60 % inert

B
80 100 % solute

xA = mole fraction of solvent in the solids stream xB = mole fraction of solute in the solids stream xC = mole fraction of solid in the solids stream Y = The mole fraction of the components associated with the extract stream yA = mole fraction of solvent in the extract stream yB = mole fraction of solute in the extract stream yC = 0

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Leaching principle
The composition of underflow stream
If each mole of inert retains K moles of solutions in underflow stream then the mole % inert in any underflow stream is constant.
% solvent

1.0

C 0
% inert

1.0 B % solute

mole of inert Xc =

mole of inert + mole of solution

= 1/ (K+1)
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Leaching principle
Types of extraction processes
S2 1 S3

E F

2 L1
L2

A
3 W

Multistage countercurrent extraction

Extract 1 Feed S2 L1
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Single stage batch processing

Leaching principle
Types of extraction processes
S2 1 S3

E F

2 L1
L2

A
3 W

Extract Feed

Solvent Waste
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Leaching principle
The difference point
E F S2 1 2 S3 3 L2 A W

L1

Material balance : E - F = S2 - L1 = S3 - L2 = A - W = constant = Location of streams in Phase Diagram

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Leaching example

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Leaching example
Example
During the obtainment of soluble soybean, the soluble solid are extracted with water in a solid liquid extraction. This extraction is performed in a multiple stage system that operates countercurrent, where 3500 kg/h of soybean are treated. The soybean containing 20% in weight of soluble solids, while the moisture content is negligible. 7.5% of the soluble solids contained in the food appear in the final underflow steam, while the overflow stream contains 35% in weight of such solids. The amount of solution retained by inert solid is 1.5 kg solution/kg inert solids. A) The quantity of extract produced per hour B) The amount of water required to carry out this extraction C) The number of stages needed if the overall stage efficiency is 75%
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Leaching example
A) Determine the quantity of extract produced per hour
35% solute
3500 kg/h, 20% solute

E F
= ExEB + WxWB

A W

Soluble solid balance

FxFB

(3500)(0.2) =

0.35E + WxWB

Since, 7.5% of the soluble solids contained in the food appear in the final under stream (waste stream) Then Thus WxWB E = = (0.075)(0. 2 3500) (3500)(0.2) 52.5 0.35 = = 52.5 kg/h

1850 kg/h
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B) Determine the amount of water required to carry out this extraction

Inert balance : FxFC 3500 (1-0.2) Then, WxWC = = = WxWC 2800 kg/h WxWC

Leaching example

Since underflow retained 1.5 kg of solution / kg of inert

Xc
W

=
=

1/ (K+1)
2800/ 0.4

=
=

1/ (1.5 + 1)
7000 kg/h =

0.4

Total balance : Thus A

F+A = =

W+E

(7000 + 1850) 3500

E F

A W

5,350 kg/h

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Leaching example
C) Determine the number of stages needed if the overall stage efficiency is 75%
Since
and Then As Thus

WxWB
W XWB XC XWA

=
= = =

52.5 kg/h
7000 kg/h 52.5 / 7000 0. 4 = 1 (0. 0075 + 0.4) = 0.0075

0. 5925
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Such as : XWA + XWB + XWC = 1

solvent

Leaching example A
S2

6 theoretical stages and 6 / 0.75 = 8 actual stages with 75% efficiency

L1

C Inert

B solute

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principle

when the feed material is contacted with a supercritical fluid than the volatile substances will partition into the supercritical phase. After the dissolution of soluble material the supercritical fluid containing the dissolved substances is removed from the feed material. The extracted component is then completely separated from the a pure supercritical fluid (SCF) by means of a temperature and/or pressure change. The SCF is then may be recompressed to the extraction conditions and recycled.
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Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principle

Comparision of physical and transport properties of gases, liquids, and SCFs.

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principle

Critical conditions for various supercritical solvent

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Advantages
Dissolving power is controlled by pressure and/or temperature
Easily recoverable from the extract due to its volatility

Disadvantages
Elevated pressure required Compression of solvent requires elaborate recycling measures to reduce energy costs High capital investment for equipment
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Non-toxic solvents leave no harmful residue

High boiling components are extracted at relatively low temperatures Separations not possible by more traditional processes can sometimes be effected Thermally labile compounds can be extracted with minimal damage as low temperatures can be employed by the extraction

Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Raw product Product

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction
It is applied in many chemical, pharmaceutical and nuclear industries.

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

It is applied in many chemical, pharmaceutical and nuclear industries.

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Liquid extraction produces separation of the constituents of a liquid solution by contact with another insoluble liquid. If the components of the original solution distribute differently between the two liquids, separation will result. The component balances will be essentially identical to those for leaching, but there are two major differences that complicate the calculations:

the carrier phase is a liquid, not a solid, so the physical separation techniques will change, and two distinct phases develop, so the simplicity of uniform solution is lost.
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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Triangular three component diagram

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Triangular three component diagram

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Single stage extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Single stage extraction

Draw operation line to find M

Follow tie line to equilibrium composition

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Single stage extraction : Process equipment
Contact the phases long enough for equilibrium Mechanical phase separations

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Multiple stage extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Multiple stage extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Multiple stage extraction

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Multiple stage extraction : Stagewise calculation

Once we know the final compositions we need to find how many equilibrium stages we need to accomplish this separation 51

Liquid-Liquid Extraction Principle

Multiple stage extraction : Minimum flowrate calculation

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