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Maintenance Practices
Breakdown Maintenance Preventive Maintenance Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Pro-Active Maintenance Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Maintenance Prevention
Switchyard Equipments
Transformers/ Reactors Circuit Breakers Current Transformers Capacitive Voltage Transformers Surge Arresters Disconnectors
Transformers
Core/ Winding Movement Bad joints Wet Insulation Winding Insulation Deterioration Bushing Insulation Deterioration Deterioration of oil quality Blocked cooling system Partial Discharge and Over Heating
Bushing 69%
Magnetic Balance Test Excitation Current Measurement Short Circuit Impedance Measurement Frequency Response Analysis
To detect shifting of winding, Core, failure of turn to turn insulation Apply 3 phase voltage on HV/IV terminal & measure current in each phase To be carried out before DC resistance measurement Voltage to be equal and Current for each set of measurement to be equal
Interpretation
Test results on the outside legs should be within 15% of each other Value for center leg should not be more than either outside For 1Phase transformer value should not be more than 10% variation. Not more than 5% on the previous reading
Mechanical movement of winding may occur during transportation shocks or Short Circuit forces or due to ageing and may result in dielectric failure of transformer Such winding displacement may not be detected by DGA, winding resistance or C &Tan measurement Techniques available to detect such changes are FRA or Vibration Measurement
PRINCIPLE OF FRA
Applied impulse signal and the corresponding winding responses are recorded using a high performance digitizer Results transformed into frequency domain by Fast Fourier Transform calculation
A response function is obtained which is dependent almost entirely on the test object and is independent of applied signal and test circuit.
The changes in the test object can be more clearly and consistently identified. The technique used for FRA analysis is a sweep frequency technique which is suitable for site use and has a superior signal to noise performance at high frequencies.
FRA Interpretation
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
FREQUENCY
AMP(dB) after failure AMP(db)before failure
Advantages of FRA
FRA detects winding movement, which cannot be ascertained by any other commonly known test FRA test is sensitive and very repeatable
FRA is very powerful and effective tool and capable of detecting a range of transformer faults, it is nevertheless primarily a mechanical condition assessment test and must be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests if a complete picture of the condition of the transformer is to be obtained.
Measured in the field in order to check for abnormalities due to loose connections. Interpretation of results is based on comparison with previous results Within 5% deviation in result is accepted Measured values to be converted to the reference temperature
Winding Resistance
Winding Resistance is very sensitive to temperature Hence temperature to be noted at the time of measurement Resistance is converted to base temperature for comparison R75 = Rm (75 + 235) ( Tm + 235)
Wet Insulation
Oil ppm Recovery Voltage Measurement Measurement of Relative Saturation Winding Capacitance tan measurement
In Paper In oil
0.5% 5 ppm
After 25 years of service In Paper In Oil 2.5% 20 ppm 150 Liters 1.6 Liters
Dependency between the water content in mineral oil and cellulose paper
Applying DC Voltage to the insulation, molecules are polarized and turn in the direction of the Electric Field. A short circuit is subsequently applied for a short period of time and molecules are partially depolarized. Opening the short circuit, a voltage due to remaining charge will build up between the terminals of the insulation. This is called Recovery Voltage. The equivalent circuit which best describes the phenomenon of the polarization is serial R-C circuit.
Method of Measurement
2 kV DC is applied across the insulation for a particular time Insulation is shorted for half the time Then recovery voltage is measured till the maximum recovery voltage is reached Maximum recovery voltage against time is plotted
RVM Graphs
Different ages of Transformers
Multiple peaks indicate non-homogeneous dryness of winding More time constant indicates healthiness of insulation Less time constant indicates wetness of winding
DOMINO test is used to determine the moisture content of oil in Transformers and Reactors The sensor made of Thin Polymer film measures Capacitance The Capacitance changes proportional to the change in relative saturation of water in oil
DOMINO PRINCIPLE
Relative Saturation (RS) is
RS = Wc * 100/S (%) Where Wc is concentration of water in oil & S is Solubility of water in oil that can be held at a given temperature
Solubility of water in oil (S) at a given temperature is computed from, logS = -1567/K + 7.0895 Where K is temperature in K
Relative Saturation
Moisture content Temp. Solubility of water in oil %RS
30ppm
100C
772ppm
4%
30ppm
20C
60ppm
50%
30ppm
0C
22ppm
DOMINO
The instrument measures RS and ppm of water The output is locally displayed as well downloaded to PC through RS-232 port.
The equipment
>30ppm
Wet
Results are affected by external interference Interference suppression methods Non-Repeatability of test results Proper knowledge on connection and measurement Trend Analysis
Basic Insulation
Insulation
Capacitance of Insulation
Effect of Medium
Equivalent Circuit
HV Lead
Interference
Reliable instrument Jumpers to be disconnected for Transformer/ Reactor winding capacitance and Tan Delta measurement It should not be a rainy day Porcelain surface needs to be cleaned thoroughly
Transformer Windings
Shorting of Jumpers
CT Insulation
For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode. For C2: Apply 500 V between Test tap and Ground with HV Guarded on GSTg mode
POWERGRID PRACTICE
SAMPLING FREQUENCIES
BEFORE COMMISSIONING 24 HOURS AFTER 1ST CHARGING 15 DAYS AFTER 1ST CHARGING ONE MONTH AFTER 1ST CHARGING 3 MONTHS AFTER 1ST CHARGING THEREAFTER EVERY SIX MONTHS
BASICS OF DGA
ORIGIN OF FAULT GASES 1. CORONA OR PARTIAL DISCHARGE 2. PYROLYSIS OR THERMAL HEATING 3. ARCING THESE THREE CAUSES DIFFER MAINLY IN THE INTENSITY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION PER UNIT TIME PER UNIT VOLUME BY FAULT. MOST SEVERE INTENSITY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION OCCURS WITH ARCING LESS WITH HEATING AND LEAST WITH CORONA
FAULT GASES
CLASSIFIED IN 3 GROUPS 1. HYDROCARBONS AND HYDROGEN METHANE CH4 ETHANE C2H6 ETHYLENE C2H4 ACETYLENE C2H2 HYDROGEN H2 CARBON OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON DIAOXIDE NON-FAULT GASES NITROGEN
2.
CO CO2
3.
N2
OXYGEN
02
2. PYROLYSIS LOW TEMP. HIGH TEMP. A) OIL CH4, C2H6 C2H4,H2(CH4,C2H2) B) CELLULOSE CO2 (CO) CO (CO2) 3. ARCING H2, C2H2 (CH4, C2H6, C2H4)
FURAN ANALYSIS
Monitoring of Cellulose (paper) insulation is important for in-service transformers to know the condition of paper Taking paper samples from charged transformer not practicable or rather impossible Furans are soluble by product which is produced due to ageing or cellulose decomposition/ overheating. Experimental tests have shown that DP of paper insulation is inversely proportional to FFA level and FFA level of 5 ppm corresponds to a DP of 250 which is reckoned to be the lower limit for insulation strength
The Furfuraldehyde in oil analysis is recognized as a very significant diagnostic test for paper condition assessment The FFA content of the oil from an aged equipment can be measured using a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Another method is using Spectrophotometer The concentration of Furfuraldehyde in the oil and rate of generation of furfural can be used for assessing the condition and remaining life of the paper insulation in the transformer
Thermo scanning of Radiators Differential Temperature High oil and Winding Temperature
Questions?