Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
USIT 46 46
21 / 06 / 00
Engineer:????
Cement placement - zone isolation Cement coverage - channels Cement compressive strength Cement to casing bond Cement to formation bond Gas filled micro-annulus Liquid filled micro-annulus Top of cement (TOC) Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
USIT 47 47
21 / 06 / 00
Engineer:
Cement placement - zone isolation Cement coverage - channels Cement compressive strength Cement to casing bond Cement to formation bond Gas filled micro-annulus Liquid filled micro-annulus Top of cement (TOC) Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
USIT 48 48
21 / 06 / 00
USIT-CBL-VDL
Bond Index USIT Impedance Image
Gas Liquid Channels
Interpretation
Free gas Free pipe Channels in good cement. Good cement Liquid microannulus. Fast formations.
Cement Cement
Light cement
Engineer:
Cement placement - zone isolation Cement coverage - channels Cement compressive strength Cement to casing bond Cement to formation bond Gas filled micro-annulus Liquid filled micro-annulus Cement thickness Top of cement (TOC) Cement composition (gaseous, contaminated)
USIT 50 50
21 / 06 / 00
USIT 51 51
21 / 06 / 00
USIT Job
Formation reflections:
The T3 processing is deliberately short to minimize contamination by reflections. Formation reflections are to be significant when:
1. The 3rd interface is smooth and provides a large impedance contrast with the cement (i.e., double string or
hard formation).
2. The annulus is thin or the process window is long. 3. The cement is of high density and well set. It will have high acoustic velocity and low attenuation.
USIT 52 52
21 / 06 / 00
USIT 53 53
21 / 06 / 00
Galaxy patterns
USIT 54 54
21 / 06 / 00
USIT 55 55
21 / 06 / 00
Fiberglass casing:
This casing cannot be evaluated by the USIT at this time. Why not?
Fiberglass has a much lower acoustic velocity and density than steel, so its acoustic impedance is much lower than steel and similar to neat cement. The casing cannot resonate and the T3 processing is not suitable for evaluating the thickness or cementation.
USIT 56 56
21 / 06 / 00
Protective coatings:
They change the effective impedance in contact with the casing, preventing a cement impedance measurement, but a thickness measurement should be possible.
Special equipment:
Scratchers, centralizers, external casing packers, dump valves and collars affect the measurement.
The change in effective thickness means T3 parameters are out of range.
USIT 57 57
21 / 06 / 00
Rugosity:
Internal rugosity reduces the initial reflection, reducing the measured impedance causing gas effect. External rugosity damps the resonance and increases the measured impedance.
USIT 58 58
21 / 06 / 00
USIT 59 59
21 / 06 / 00
Cleanliness:
Deposits on the inner diameter will change the measured impedance.
Micro-annulus:
A small fluid-filled gap between casing and cement. This causes a reduction in measured impedance. Gas micro annulus is seen as Gas...
USIT 60 60
21 / 06 / 00
USIT 61 61
21 / 06 / 00
Shape:
Welded casing may cause the appearance of a vertical line on the amplitude and impedance maps, and, in extreme cases, on the radius and thickness maps.
Seamless:
Generally have thickness variations of around 10%, the inner diameter causing the variation in profile. Typical problems are eccentered bore and bore ovality causing a reduced measured impedance. Non parallel surface (inner and outer diameter) causes a reduction in resonant energy, and hence, an increased measured impedance.
USIT 62 62
21 / 06 / 00
10
Track 5 Internal Radius Image and Track 7 Thickness Image show one joint of casing at 2600 feet in a newly completed well where the image patterns differ indicating that this joint was manufactured by a separate milling process.
USIT 63 63
21 / 06 / 00