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Casing Background
Casing installation began for the following:
1. Potential for stress damage to the pipeline caused from heavy loads, trains and trucks. 2. Unstable soils 3. Corrosion caused by oxygen concentration cells because of road building processes 4. Ease of removal and replacement of pipelines 5. Venting of dangerous gasses away from road side
Spacer Types
Metallic Concrete coated pipe Wooden Today: Plastics
Shorted Casing
A high percentage of shorted casings occur at the ends allowing the pipe to contact the casing causing an electrical (metallic) short.
Vent Pipe
Casing
Isolating Spacers
Direct Assessment:
The four steps for assessing casings Pre-Assessment, Indirect Inspection, Direct Examination, Post Assessment
1.
Pre-Assessment
Use Historical data to develop a scenario
Coating Type Quality of Pipe Water Table Filled or not
Direct Assessment
2. Indirect Inspection
Survey the casing
PCM / A-Frame Severe Moderate Minor Clear
Classification Table
Test Description Severe (Metallic Contact) Moderate (Electrolytic with Coating Holidays) Minor (Electrolytic Path) Pipe to Electrolyte ON Potentials are slightly depressed near casing structure and are above -850 mV criterion Casing to Electrolyte ON Potentials partially track Pipe Potentials and the difference in the P/S & C/S "ON" potentials is greater than100 mV . Electrically Clear Remarks
Pipe to Electrolyte Potentials are severely depressed and below -850 mV Criterion
Pipe, Casing and OCP Potential Tests Should Always be Run Together
Casing to Electrolyte Potentials track Pipe Potentials and the difference in the Pipe and Casing "ON" Potentials < than 10 mV.
Casing to Electrolyte ON Potentials partially track Pipe Potentials and the difference in the P/S & C/S "ON" potentials is greater than or equal to 10 mV and less than or equal to 100 mV . Difference in the P/S & C/S "ON" greater than or equal to 10 mV and less than or equal to 100 mV. P/C resistance greater than 0.01 and less than or equal to 0.1 .
Difference in the P/S & C/S "ON" greater than 150 mV and are below bare steel potential for that environment
Pipe, Casing and OCP Potential Tests Should Always be Run Together
Open Circuit Potential (OCP) between Casing and Pipe (Industry Standard)
Difference in Pipe and Casing Structure Potential < 10 mV Pipe-to-Casing (P/C) resistance less than or equal to 0.01
Difference in the P/S & C/S "ON" greater than 150 mV.
Pipe, Casing and OCP Potential Tests Should Always be Run Together Internal Resistance Test will determine metal to metal contacts
Direct Assessment
Combine Pre-Assessment and Indirect Inspection data into action list for direct examination
1. Immediate Work 2. Scheduled 3. Suitable for monitoring
Direct Assessment
3. Direct Examination
Dig up casing for further inspection There are three ways to verify condition of pipe
1. Guided Wave 2. In Line inspection 3. Hydro-test
OR
Clean and fill the casing with a wax type filler
Make sure vent pipes have sufficient (2) openings to the inside of the casing in the proper configuration for best fill. Clean out casing using air, power washer, or suction truck. Remove old End Seals to assist the cleaning, then replace with new seals. Pressure Test Seals with minimum 5psi. In one vent and out the other to ensure quality fill.
PHMSA
192.467
Except for unprotected copper inserted in ferrous pipe, each pipeline must be electrically isolated from metallic casings that are a part of the underground
20
Vent Pipe
Casing
Isolating Spacers
The majority of Casing Fillers are a blend of petroleum wax and corrosion inhibitors. These hot materials are pumped into the casings by custom, heated trucks with meter controls and experienced personnel.
Cold Applied Casing fillers come in barrels and use a mastic pump for installation. This system is good for smaller projects utilizing in-house labor.
CONCLUSIONS
All casings are a problem shorted or not shorted. Remove casings when possible, shorted or not. When you must install a new casing, fill it as part of the construction project cost Corrosion occurs almost as often in non-shorted casings as in shorted casings. Water is present in nearly all casings Filling a casing will remove the electrolyte / water from the equation and stop any further corrosion