MENG 01I02

Introduction to renewable energies

Renewable energy
Renewable energy is generated from natural sources which are naturally replenished. Three primary sources for renewables:
the solar nuclear fusion process; heat emerging from the core of the earth energy from the rotation of the Earth and moon

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Renewable energies technologies

Renewable energy sources overview

Sun

Earths core

Moon-Earth

Solar
Wind Hydro Waves Biomass
MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Geothermal

Tidal waves

Why renewable energy?

Climate change scenario
Increasing of average temperature

Increase in sea level

Shrinkage of snow covers

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Why renewable energy?

Rising fossil fuel prices Energy security Production of local, clean, and inexhaustible energy Growing demand for electricity, heat, and transportation fuel The fossil energy sources coal, crude oil and natural gas provide more than 85% of the world primary energy demand

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Solar energy (Thermal collectors)

Flat plate collector

Evacuated tubes

Integrated Storage Collector (ISC)

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Solar energy (Photovoltaic modules)

Photovoltaic collectors

Hybrid PV-thermal
Produces both electricity and heat. Active cooling by water Passive cooling be air

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Solar thermal power (Concentrated)

Central receiver or Power tower

Movable heliostats (mirrors) follow the sun to reflect the incoming sun rays on a receiver. Steam is produced at the receiver. Steam passes over a turbine to turn an electrical generator producing electricity
MENG01I02- 2010/2011 8

Parabolic trough collectors.

Working fluid is oil
MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Solar Dish with Stirling engine

9

Solar chimney

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

1000 m

5000 m

10

Solar power (Concentrated PV)

CPV Refractors
Lenses concentrate sun rays on photovoltaic cells Cells must be cooled by air or water
MENG01I02- 2010/2011 11

Concentrated PV-thermal
CPVT reflectors

Fresnel mirrors
MENG01I02- 2010/2011

Parabolic trough

Solar dish
12

Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy Wind turbines are used to produce electricity Wind turbines are grouped to form wind farms either on-land or off-shore

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

13

Hydro power
Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the movement or falling of water Hydro plants are classified into
Large Hydro - over 50 MW Small Hydro - over 10 MW to 50 MW Mini-hydro - 101 kW to 10 MW Micro-hydro - up to 100 kW

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

14

Biomass
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material. Sources of biomass
Trees Energy crops Agriculture Wastes & residues

Types of biomass system

Stoves & boilers Anaerobic digestion

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

15

Geothermal power
Heat flows outward from Earth's interior. The crust insulates us from Earth's interior heat. The mantle is semi-molten, the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. The deeper you go, the hotter it gets.

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

16

Tidal power
The tidal power is generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon on water. Due to these gravitational forces the water level follows a periodic high and low. The height of the tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local shape of the sea floor. The tidal energy generator uses this phenomenon to generate energy. The higher the height of the tide the more promising it is to harness tidal energy.
MENG01I02- 2010/2011 17

Wave energy
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

18

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow waters to run a heat engine Temperature is difference is o around 20 C occurring over a few hundred meters.

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

19

World energy status

Renewable energy share of global final energy consumption for 2008

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

20

Share of global electricity from renewables

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

21

Solar PV existing capacity

Global total installations: 21 GW

MENG01I02- 2010/2011 22

Wind power capacity

Global total installations: 159 GW

MENG01I02- 2010/2011 23

2010 R.E. technologies cost in US cents per kW.h

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

24

MENG01I02- 2010/2011

25