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Agenda
Protocol layers
Protocol layers
BTS
Slide 1
History
In 1994, a Special Mobile Group started to think about a High Speed Data upgrade for GSM.
The first step was HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data).
Slide 2
What is HSCSD?
throughput rates. The simplest high speed data upgrade for GSM. Provides GSM users with a bandwidth up to 57.6 Kbps. Does not require a hardware upgrade within BSS or core network (NSS), but different MS are needed.
NOTE: Even though HSCSD is easy to implement into the GSM network, hardly any operator have decided to implement it. The commercial implementations of HSCSD barely exceed a speed of 38.4 Kbps. Most common implementation is 14,4 Kbps which only requires one full rate TCH.
Slide 3
What is GPRS?
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet oriented data service for IP and X.25 over GSM networks. Enables packet-switched services on the resources of the already existing GSM network infrastructure Deploying new channel coding schemes and timeslot bundling, GPRS is capable of providing single user throughput rates of up to 160 kbit/s (in theory). Provides an always on functionality, without continuous consumption of resources. Requires a major hardware upgrade in the GSM network and it requires new mobile stations A step toward 3G networks (2.5G).
Slide 4
Gb
Gs Gf Gr Gc
PSTN/ISDN
PDN
GPRS
Gn Private Backbone Gp Gn
Gi
PDN
Slide 6
GPRS interfaces
Slide 7
Handles:
PDP contexts for Mobile Stations. Determines Quality of Service assigned to user. Routes packets to Mobile Stations. Pages Mobile Stations when data is to be sent. Handover/cell Change
Stores:
Subscriber data for all Mobile Stations in the location area. Store not-acknowledged packets in case of a cell change during an ongoing packet
data transfer
Security:
Authentication, by means of identity or equipment check. P-TMSI is allocated by SGSN. Ciphering. (Not only in Um as in GSM but all the way down to SGSN). Together with the GGSN the SGSN collects CDR's (Call Data Records). Opposed to
the GGSN, the SGSN collects CDR's for the use of the own network resources. These CDR's are forwarded to the Charging Gateway (CG) via the IP-based intra-PLMN backbone
Charging
Slide 8
Handles:
Interconnects a PLMN to the external world (Internet). Routes IP packets to the appropriate SGSN.
If the Mobile Station changes the SGSN during ready mode, the GGSN is used as data packet buffer. Activation and Deactivation of PDP-Contexts / Session Management.
Stores:
Firewall. Screening.
Charging
The GGSN will, in addition to the SGSN, collect CDRs and forward them to the
charging gateway (CG). Please note that opposed to the SGSN, the GGSN will collect call data records based on the usage of external network resources. In other words, charges that arise from other packet data or mobile network operators are collected by the GGSN
Slide 9
New fields has been added to the HLR in order to serve the GPRS Network.
Slide 10
In GPRS, LA is divided into RA. Each RA contains one or more cells. In a RA, the RAI is broadcasted as System Information. When an MS is crossing an RA border the MS will initiate an RA update procedure. New elements (CCU , PCU) are added to the BSS in order to support new coding schemes introduced by GPRS.
RA 3 RA 5 RA 2
BTS + CCU
RA 4
LA = Location Area. LAI = MCC+MNC+LAC RA = Routing Area (Subset of LA) RAI = LAI+RA PCU = Packet Control Unit. CCU = Channel Codec Unit.
Slide 11
Interface the new GPRS core network to the existing GSM BSS.
Converting packet data coming from the SGSN in so called PCU-frames that
have the same format as TRAU-frames. These PCU-frames are transparently routed through the BSC and towards the BTS. The BTS needs to determine the respective coding scheme and other options before processing a PCU-frame.
Takes over all GPRS radio related control functions from the BSC.
Slide 12
Class B.
Class C.
The Mobile Station class C supports either circuit-switched or packetswitched monitoring and operation at a given time.
Slide 13
Like MM in GSM, GMM are used to keep track of the current location of an MS and to initiate security procedures. GMM is a function that is mainly handled between the mobile station and the SGSN. However, the HLR is also involved. There are various scenarios defined in GPRS to update a subscriber's location within the network. The most important ones are:
Routing Area Update (Intra-SGSN and Inter-SGSN) GPRS Attach and Detach Cell Update (only while in GMM-Ready State)
The GMM cell update procedure replaces in GPRS what is known as handover procedure in circuit-switched GSM. Due to the fact that a GPRS MS is not constantly connected to the network, the GMM has introduced a new state, called Ready State.
Slide 14
GMM States
Idle
GPRS Attach
GPRS Detach
Ready
Ready Timer expired Data transfer or reception
44s) the MS will fall back to a stand-by state. NOTE: an MS can be forced back to standby mode due to lack of recourses.
Standby
Only RA update and periodic update is necessary. It is possible to page the MS.
Slide 15
GMM Procedures
GPRS Attach/Detach
Made towards the SGSN The MS must provide its identity (P-TMSI/IMSI) and an indication of which
type of attach that is to be executed (GPRS / combined GPRS/IMSI) After GPRS attach the MS is in Ready state and MM contexts are established in the MS and the SGSN.
When a GPRS-attached MS detects a new RA (Routing Area) When the periodic RA update counter has expired
Cell Update
When the MS enters a new cell inside the current RA and the MS is in Ready
state
Slide 16
Allow transfer of user data packets between the MS and some external packet data network. Before data transmission start, SM involves a handshaking procedure between the MS, SGSN and teh GGSN.
Establish a PDP context between the MS and the GGSN (includes the
negotiated QoS profile)
Slide 17
Can be initiated by the network or the MS (in Standby or Ready state) Cannot be activated before a GMM context exists. (A GPRS mobile station first needs to register itself towards the SGSN before a PDP context activation procedure can be initiated). Can be deactivated on request of the MS or the SGSN or the GGSN by means of the PDP context deactivation procedure
Slide 18
Takes care of the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths Paging
The paging procedure moves the MM state to Ready to allow the SGSN to
forward downlink data to the BSS
TBF Establishment/Release
Slide 19
GPRS Protocols
Slide 20
Um Interface
The RLC protocol, and the MAC Protocol is in charge of all radio related control functions on the air interface. The LLC Protocol is in charge of transmission between SGSN and the Mobile Station.
GMM
IP / X25 SNDCP = SubNetwork Dependent Convergence . = Logical Link Control. = Radio Link Control. = Medium Access Control.
Slide 22
In GSM the A-bis is a well known structured protocol. In GPRS each vendor is making his own version of the A-bis protocol (not specified). Due to the principle of PTCH bundling as well as the new GMM, the known BTMS (BTS Management Protocol for GSM) has been changed to BSSGP.
GMM/SM LLC Relay RLC MAC Layer1 A-bis protocol stack BSSGP Network Service Layer1 Gb protocol stack = BSS GPRS. = Frame Relay
Slide 23
The channel coding fucntions (see fig. Below) Cell selcetion/reselection Setting of Timing Advance Perform measurements on the neighbouring cells Four channel coding schemes are defined (CS1-4):
Slide 24
The RLC/MAC protocol is defined between the mobile station and the PCU (Packet Control Unit). In charge of all radio related control functions on the air interface. Performs segmentation of LLC frames into radio blocks
Slide 25
LLC provides different types of services to different upper layer applications, namely SNDCP GMM/SM and SMS. Provides the transport frames for the data transfer between MS and SGSN
Encapsulation of higher layer protocol data units into LLC data units. (This applies in particular to data units from SNDCP which are tailored to fit into one LLC data unit. ) Delivery of data units to the higher layer in the correct sequence. Ciphering and Deciphering (if enabled)
Slide 26
SNDCP
Interface function between the GPRS protocol stack and the different packet data protocols like IP. The SNDCP is applicable between the MS and the SGSN.
Within the SGSN, there is a relay function from the SNDCP towards the
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP).
Relies completely on the error recovery and transmission capabilities of LLC and therefore provides no means for these functions
Slide 27
GPRS Um Interface
E.g. WWW or E-mail IP
SNDPC
LLC frame Max size 1600 octets. Encryption, error detecting and retransmission.
LLC
FSC
Segment
MAC/RLC
Info
Info
Info
To achieve higher throughput rates per timeslot than plain GSM, GPRS introduces three new coding schemes.
CS-1. Throughput =< 8kbit/s. Also provided by GSM. CS-2. Throughput =< 12kbit/s. CS-3. Throughput =< 14.4kbit/s. CS-4. Throughput =< 20kbit/s.
Due to unpredictable environment of the radio transmission the distance between MS and the cell impacts the QoS.
Slide 29
GPRS Gb Interface
BSS
Gb
SGSN
Gb protocol layers
Transparent transfer of signaling and data PDU's between the SGSN and the
PCU Administration of the packet-switched link resources between SGSN and PCU. Initiation of packet-switched paging for a particular mobile station if requested by the SGSN.
Slide 31
GPRS interfaces
Slide 32
Private IP network intended for GPRS data/signalling only Connects the GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) together within a GPRS PLMN
PLMN to PLMN connection (i.e. roaming) via Border Gateways (BG) Packet data Network (public Internet or leased line)
Gi
Gs SGSN to MSC/VLR
Used to perform IMSI attach and GPRS attach simultaneously Combined paging procedures, where all paging is done form SGSN
Gr SGSN to HLR
SGSN must contact the HLR whenever a new subscriber enters one of its
Routing Areas
Gd SGSN to SMS
Gn Interface
GTP
UDP/TCP
IP
IP
Frame Relay
L1bis (WAN)
L2 (PPP)
L1 (LAN)
L2 (PPP)
L1 (LAN)
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
Slide 34
Allows multi-protocol packets to be tunnelled through the GPRS backbone between GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs). Responsible for the transmission of both, signaling information and application data. Based on an IP-protocol stack and uses UDP as transport layer (OSI layer 4) Also takes care of the transfer of charging information. In that function, GTP is called GTP'
Slide 35
UDP/TCP
are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. A connection-oriented protocol, which means that a virtual connection is established between the two peers of a TCP-transaction. Usually, TCP is used together with IP.
Slide 36
EDGE
EDGE
Is not the third alternative to GPRS and HSCSD but rather describes an upgrade for existing TDMA-standards by applying the modulation scheme 8-PSK EDGE has been adopted for various standards but will migrate GPRS to EGPRS and HSCSD to ECSD
Slide 38
EDGE
Originally, EDGE was the abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution. Nowadays, EDGE is the acronym for Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution.
EDGE is using frequency modulation scheme 8-PSK in order to increase the Data speed.
cell size. GSM and GPRS are using the same modulation scheme GPSK.
Not only is a new core network required, but also additional BTSs and a new cell structure is needed.
Slide 39
Introduction of a new modulation technique 8PSK, 8 Phase Shift Keying. 8PSK enables air interface bitrates roughly 3 times higher than traditional GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) However, the major disadvantage of 8-PSK modulation is that it includes amplitude modulation.
8PSK: 1 Symbol = 3 bits Q
(0,1,0) (0,0,0) (0,1,1)
(0,0,1)
(1,1,1)
I
(1,1,0) (1,0,1) (1,0,0)
I
-90 (diff bit)
Slide 40