A & P 100

Fall 2012

Your Instructor
Tara Johnson MA from NAU

Chapter 1 Objectives
O Describe the basic functions of living O O O

O O

organisms Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology Identify major levels of organization in living organisms Identify 11 organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system Explain the concept of homeostasis Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulations Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions

Getting Started
O What is Anatomy? O What is Physiology?

Anatomy
Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of and Where they are located What is Gross Anatomy?

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

What are the differences between these types of anatomy?

Physiology
O Is the study of
O Functions of anatomical structures O Individual and cooperative functions

O What is Pathophysiology?

Example of Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization
O The Chemical Level
O Atoms are the smallest chemical units O Molecules are a group of atoms working together

O The Cellular Level

O Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and

organelles working together

O The Tissue Level

O Tissues are a group of similar cells working

together

O The Organ Level

O An organ is a group of different tissues working

Levels of Organization
The Organ System Level
Organ systems are a group of organs working

together Humans have 11 organ systems

The Organism Level
A human is an organism

Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.

Slide 7

Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.

Molecules

Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Blood vessels Heart

3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Organ level 4 Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Blood vessel (organ)

Cardio vascular system

6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems.

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

What are the organ systems and what do they do?

Skin

(a) Integumentary System

What does the skin do?

Cartilages

Joint Bones

(b) Skeletal System

What does the skeletal system do for you?

Cartilages

Joint Bones

(b) Skeletal System

What does the skeletal system do for you?

Skeletal muscles

(c) Muscular System

What do you know about muscles?

Brain Sensory receptor Spinal cord

Nerves

(d) Nervous System

What is the Nervous System?

Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female)

(e) Endocrine System

What is the Endocrine System?

Heart

Blood vessels

(f) Cardiovascular System

What is the Cardiovascular system?

Thoracic duct

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels

(g) Lymphatic System

What is the Lymphatic System

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Left lung

(h) Respiratory System

What does the Respiratory System do?

Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

(i) Digestive System

How does the digestive system work?

Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder

Urethra

(j) Urinary System

Why is the urinary system important?

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterine tube Ovary Uterus

Penis

Vas deferens Testis Scrotum Vagina

(k) Male Reproductive System

(l) Female Reproductive System

How do organ system work together?

Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Food

Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide O2 CO2

Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Blood

CO2 O2

Heart Nutrients

Urinary system Eliminates nitrogencontaining wastes and excess ions

Interstitial fluid

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid

Feces

Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment

Urine

What do these pictures have in common?

Living Things
All living organisms share the following

characteristics:

Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Survival Needs
O Nutrients O Oxygen O Water O Appropriate temperature O Atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis
O How is a teeter totter related to

homeostasis?

Homeostasis
O Homeostasis: all body systems

working together to maintain a stable internal environment.

O Systems respond to external and

internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance).

Homeostatic Controls
O Receptor (affector, stimuli) O Control center O Effector (response, output)

3 Information sent

Input:

along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Receptor detects change.

2

Control Center Afferent pathway Efferent pathway

Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.

4

Effector

Stimulus produces change in variable.

IMB AL AN CE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Response of effector 5 feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.

IMB ALA NC E

Negative Feedback
The Role of Negative Feedback
The response of the effector negates

the stimulus
Body is brought back into homeostasis
Normal range is achieved

What is a Positive Feedback Reaction?

Positive Feedback
O The Role of Positive Feedback
O The response of the effector increases

change of the stimulus

O Body is moved away from homeostasis
O Normal range is lost

O Used to speed up processes

O How many of you have children?

Any Questions?

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdomin al Umbilical Pelvic Inguin al (groin)

Upper limb Acromial Deltoi d Brachial (arm) Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital

Cephalic Occipital (back of head) Cervic al Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumba r Sacral Glutea l

Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Calcaneal Digital Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal

KEY: Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (a) Anterior/Ventral

(a) Median (midsagittal) Vertebral column

(b) Frontal (coronal) plane Right lung Heart Left lung

(c) Transverse plane Spinal cord Spleen

Liver Aorta

Rectum

Intestines

Liver

Stomach Spleen

Subcutaneous Stomach fat layer

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity Diaphragm

Spinal cavity

Pelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity