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Introduction
Gamma Radiation
Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter Scintillator Detector NaI(Tl) Scintillator Detector Experimental Procedure and Observations
Conclusion
References
Gamma Radiation
When a nucleon is in a high-energy orbit while a low-
energy orbit is unfilled, it can jump to the lowerenergy orbit with the energy thereby released coming of as a quantum of electromagnetic radiation, which we call a gamma ray.
These g-rays can be detected, and their energies
Scintillator Detector
Detector absorb incident radiation and emit there
of electrons by a photomultiplier tube which can be detected to give the output pulse
Scintillator Detector
Sequence of events:
1. Scintillator:
In a solid crystal, the incident radiation ionizes some of the atoms at the lattice sites knocking out electrons which on recombination releases low energy radiation (300-500 nm)
Scintillator Detector
2. Photomultiplier Tube: These photons are then directed towards the photomultiplier tube (PMT) which releases photoelectrons from the photocathode. They are then accelerated by the electric field and strikes to the dynode surface (from which more electrons can be easily knocked out). The process of striking the several dynode surfaces continues until they are collected by the anode giving it a charge which flows to the capacitor to give the output voltage.
Scintillator Detector
Scintillator Detector
Two types of scintillator material is used
1. Organic: Contain molecules like Benzene,
Naphthalene or Anthracene
2. Inorganic: Crystals like NaI and CsI is used as
detector Sodium Iodide (NaI) crystal with small amount of Thallium (Tl) as an impurity Tl is present as Tl+ (activator) in place of Na+ in the lattice
detector Sodium Iodide (NaI) crystal with small amount of Thallium (Tl) as an impurity Tl is present as Tl+ (activator) in place of Na+ in the lattice
Experimental Procedure
Experimental Setup
1. NaI(Tl) Scintillator Detector 2. Radioactive Samples 3. Computer setup with pre-installed software to obtain
Gamma Spectrum
Energy calibration using Na-22 sample
Gamma Spectrum were obtained for Cs-137 and Mn-54
Observations
Gamma Ray Spectrums of Cs-137 and Mn-54 were
obtained From Gamma Ray Spectrum, Gamma ray energy were calculated and compared with literature value
Observations
Gamma Ray Spectrum of Na-22 (Calibration)
Observations
Gamma Ray Spectrum of Cs-137
Observations
Gamma Ray Spectrum of Mn-54
Observations
Gamma Ray Spectrum of Ba-133
Observations
Gamma Ray Energy for Cs-137 , Mn-54 and Ba-133 (Calculated from Spectrum)
Sample
Experimental Value
Literature Value
Cs-137 Mn-54
Ba-133 Peak-1 Peak-2
Conclusion
Gamma Ray Energy obtained from gamma spectrum is quit close to literature value of gamma energy for Cs-137, Mn-54 and Ba-137
References
Gamma Radiation-
www.csupomona.edu/~pbsiegel/bio431/genergies.html
Thank You